USE OF MICROBIAL CONSORTIA IN
AGRICULTURE AS AN ALTERNATIVE FOR
ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURA
USO DE CONSORCIOS MICROBIANOS EN LA
AGRICULTURA COMO ALTERNATIVA PARA LOGRAR
UNA AGRICULTURA SOSTENIBLE
Alma Lilia Antonio Cruz
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca
Iván Antonio García Montalvo
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México
Diana Matías Pérez
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca
Alma Dolores Pérez Santiago
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, México
Marco Antonio Sánchez Medina
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto Tecnológico de Oaxaca
pág. 872
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i2.16893
Use of microbial consortia in agriculture as an alternative for achieving
sustainable agriculture
ABSTRACT
Agriculture is established as a fundamental activity that sustains the basis of our food supply. Through
techniques that respect and preserve the environment, it is possible to achieve efficient agricultural
production that meets the growing needs of our population, thus bringing us closer to the longed-for
food sovereignty and meeting the sustainable development goal of zero hunger proposed by the United
Nations (UN). In this review, several research studies that explore the implementation of new
fertilization techniques are presented. These techniques use growth-promoting bacteria, which operate
through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Studies show how these bacteria can significantly
improve the production of grains and vegetables essential for food in Mexico and other countries.
Thus, agriculture becomes a key pillar for a more sustainable and food-secure future.
Keywords: agroindustrialization, biofertilizers, growth-promoting bacteria, agricultural productivity,
sustainable agriculture
1 Autor principal.
Correspondencia: lili.antonio97@gmail.com
Alma Lilia Antonio Cruz1
lili.antonio97@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4371-1881
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Iván Antonio García Montalvo
ivan.garcia@itoaxaca.edu.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4993-9249
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Diana Matías Pérez
diana.matias@itoaxaca.edu.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6592-9342
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Alma Dolores Pérez Santiago
alma.ps@oaxaca.tecnm.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-7307
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Marco Antonio Sánchez Medina
mmedinaito@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-5955
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i2.16893
Use of microbial consortia in agriculture as an alternative for achieving
sustainable agriculture
ABSTRACT
Agriculture is established as a fundamental activity that sustains the basis of our food supply. Through
techniques that respect and preserve the environment, it is possible to achieve efficient agricultural
production that meets the growing needs of our population, thus bringing us closer to the longed-for
food sovereignty and meeting the sustainable development goal of zero hunger proposed by the United
Nations (UN). In this review, several research studies that explore the implementation of new
fertilization techniques are presented. These techniques use growth-promoting bacteria, which operate
through both direct and indirect mechanisms. Studies show how these bacteria can significantly
improve the production of grains and vegetables essential for food in Mexico and other countries.
Thus, agriculture becomes a key pillar for a more sustainable and food-secure future.
Keywords: agroindustrialization, biofertilizers, growth-promoting bacteria, agricultural productivity,
sustainable agriculture
1 Autor principal.
Correspondencia: lili.antonio97@gmail.com
Alma Lilia Antonio Cruz1
lili.antonio97@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0009-0003-4371-1881
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Iván Antonio García Montalvo
ivan.garcia@itoaxaca.edu.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4993-9249
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Diana Matías Pérez
diana.matias@itoaxaca.edu.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6592-9342
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Alma Dolores Pérez Santiago
alma.ps@oaxaca.tecnm.mx
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4410-7307
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
Marco Antonio Sánchez Medina
mmedinaito@gmail.com
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1411-5955
Tecnológico Nacional de México/Instituto
Tecnológico de Oaxaca
México
pág. 873
Uso de consorcios microbianos en la agricultura como alternativa para
lograr una agricultura sostenible
RESUMEN
La agricultura se establece como una actividad fundamental que sustenta la base de nuestro
abastecimiento alimentario. A través de técnicas que respeten y preserven el medio ambiente, es
posible lograr una producción agrícola eficiente que satisfaga las crecientes necesidades de nuestra
población, acercándonos así a la anhelada soberanía alimentaria y cumpliendo con el objetivo de
desarrollo sostenible de hambre cero propuesto por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU).
En esta revisión se presentan varios estudios de investigación que exploran la aplicación de nuevas
técnicas de fertilización. Estas técnicas utilizan bacterias promotoras del crecimiento, que actúan a
través de mecanismos directos e indirectos. Los estudios muestran cómo estas bacterias pueden
mejorar significativamente la producción de granos y hortalizas esenciales para la alimentación en
México y otros países. De este modo, la agricultura se convierte en un pilar fundamental para un
futuro más sostenible y con mayor seguridad alimentaria.
Palabras clave: agroindustrialización, biofertilizantes, bacterias promotoras del crecimiento,
productividad agrícola, agricultura sustentable
Artículo recibido: 7 febrero 2025
Aceptado para publicación: 15 marzo 2025
Uso de consorcios microbianos en la agricultura como alternativa para
lograr una agricultura sostenible
RESUMEN
La agricultura se establece como una actividad fundamental que sustenta la base de nuestro
abastecimiento alimentario. A través de técnicas que respeten y preserven el medio ambiente, es
posible lograr una producción agrícola eficiente que satisfaga las crecientes necesidades de nuestra
población, acercándonos así a la anhelada soberanía alimentaria y cumpliendo con el objetivo de
desarrollo sostenible de hambre cero propuesto por la Organización de las Naciones Unidas (ONU).
En esta revisión se presentan varios estudios de investigación que exploran la aplicación de nuevas
técnicas de fertilización. Estas técnicas utilizan bacterias promotoras del crecimiento, que actúan a
través de mecanismos directos e indirectos. Los estudios muestran cómo estas bacterias pueden
mejorar significativamente la producción de granos y hortalizas esenciales para la alimentación en
México y otros países. De este modo, la agricultura se convierte en un pilar fundamental para un
futuro más sostenible y con mayor seguridad alimentaria.
Palabras clave: agroindustrialización, biofertilizantes, bacterias promotoras del crecimiento,
productividad agrícola, agricultura sustentable
Artículo recibido: 7 febrero 2025
Aceptado para publicación: 15 marzo 2025
pág. 874
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is of great importance throughout the world, as it is through this activity that we obtain the
food that is the basis of our diet. An important aspect is soil fertility since good production depends on
it. Soil fertility depends on abiotic and biotic factors, the latter including microorganisms such as
bacteria. In the soil, a great diversity of microorganisms of different species work together to form a
consortium. A microbial consortium is a natural association of two or more microbial populations of
various species that act together as a community in a complex system where all benefit from each
other's activities (Ochoa-Carreno et al., 2010). Microbial consortia are multiple microbial populations
that interact and perform complex functions that individual populations cannot, and microbial
consortia can be more robust to environmental fluctuations (Brenner et al., 2008). In the rhizosphere
we can find different microorganisms such as bacteria that can help in the growth of plants; these are
called Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), which have been studied individually and in
the consortium as growth stimulators in different plants that produce the staple foods of consumption
in the diet of mexicans. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that by achieving favorable results in
the growth and production of food, such as grains and vegetables, we can satisfy our food needs and,
in turn, strengthen food sovereignty. To this end, adopting sustainable strategies that respect the
environment is essential.
This research aims to analyze the effect of bacterial consortia in the Mexican agrofield. To achieve the
goal of food sovereignty, it is essential that these microbial consortia are easily accessible to
agricultural producers, and their local production is ideal.
METHODS
The words or phrases searched were “agroindustrialization 5.0,” “biofertilizers,” “efficient
microorganisms,” “agriculture,” “food sovereignty,” “rhizobacteria,” “bacterial consortium,” and
“plant growth promoting bacteria.” Scientific literature was searched using Scholar Google, Scopus,
Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed. For the review, 39 references were selected from the 85
resulting from the search; these included reports, research articles, and review articles published
between 2010 and 2023.
INTRODUCTION
Agriculture is of great importance throughout the world, as it is through this activity that we obtain the
food that is the basis of our diet. An important aspect is soil fertility since good production depends on
it. Soil fertility depends on abiotic and biotic factors, the latter including microorganisms such as
bacteria. In the soil, a great diversity of microorganisms of different species work together to form a
consortium. A microbial consortium is a natural association of two or more microbial populations of
various species that act together as a community in a complex system where all benefit from each
other's activities (Ochoa-Carreno et al., 2010). Microbial consortia are multiple microbial populations
that interact and perform complex functions that individual populations cannot, and microbial
consortia can be more robust to environmental fluctuations (Brenner et al., 2008). In the rhizosphere
we can find different microorganisms such as bacteria that can help in the growth of plants; these are
called Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), which have been studied individually and in
the consortium as growth stimulators in different plants that produce the staple foods of consumption
in the diet of mexicans. The relevance of this topic lies in the fact that by achieving favorable results in
the growth and production of food, such as grains and vegetables, we can satisfy our food needs and,
in turn, strengthen food sovereignty. To this end, adopting sustainable strategies that respect the
environment is essential.
This research aims to analyze the effect of bacterial consortia in the Mexican agrofield. To achieve the
goal of food sovereignty, it is essential that these microbial consortia are easily accessible to
agricultural producers, and their local production is ideal.
METHODS
The words or phrases searched were “agroindustrialization 5.0,” “biofertilizers,” “efficient
microorganisms,” “agriculture,” “food sovereignty,” “rhizobacteria,” “bacterial consortium,” and
“plant growth promoting bacteria.” Scientific literature was searched using Scholar Google, Scopus,
Web of Science, Science Direct, and PubMed. For the review, 39 references were selected from the 85
resulting from the search; these included reports, research articles, and review articles published
between 2010 and 2023.
pág. 875
DISCUSSION
Sustainable agriculture, agriculture, and technification 5.0 in Mexico
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines food sovereignty as the
right of communities to develop sustainable strategies for food production, distribution, and
consumption, ensuring access for all. This concept underlines the importance of small- and medium-
scale agriculture and respecting local cultures and diverse agricultural practices, especially among
peasants, fisherfolk, and indigenous communities, where women play a key role. Food sovereignty is
aligned with sustainable agriculture, promoting methods that protect the environment while producing
essential foods and ensuring that agricultural practices are ecologically and socially responsible.
Family farming fosters connections between producers and consumers, enhancing market equity and
supporting food sovereignty (FAO, 2011; Ramirez-Juarez, 2023). In Mexico, agriculture is vital for
providing staple foods such as grains and vegetables. Small- and medium-scale producers primarily
cultivate essential crops like corn, beans, and rice to ensure food security. According to the 2022
Census of Agriculture and Livestock by INEGI, corn is the most widely grown crop, followed by
beans and vegetables like pumpkin, potatoes, and tomatoes. These crops are integral to the Mexican
diet and significantly contribute to local economies
The Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development (SADER, Spanish acronym) recognizes
tomatoes as a critical vegetable in Mexico and globally due to their economic significance and
nutritional benefits. However, most crops are cultivated using conventional methods that heavily rely
on chemical fertilizers (SADER, 2022). While these practices can lead to initial high yields, their
indiscriminate use often results in soil degradation, fertility loss, and water contamination, adversely
affecting ecosystems and human health. Research indicates that enhancing bean production could
improve food sovereignty; a study in northern Mexico highlighted that domestic bean production is
insufficient to meet demand, necessitating imports. With only 1.2 % of land having high production
potential available for beans, there is an opportunity to meet domestic needs while generating
surpluses for other regions (Moctezuma-Lopez, 2022).
The implementation of Agriculture 5.0 is addressing food needs sustainably by utilizing technologies
such as robotics and artificial intelligence to enhance productivity. The Federal Telecommunications
DISCUSSION
Sustainable agriculture, agriculture, and technification 5.0 in Mexico
The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) defines food sovereignty as the
right of communities to develop sustainable strategies for food production, distribution, and
consumption, ensuring access for all. This concept underlines the importance of small- and medium-
scale agriculture and respecting local cultures and diverse agricultural practices, especially among
peasants, fisherfolk, and indigenous communities, where women play a key role. Food sovereignty is
aligned with sustainable agriculture, promoting methods that protect the environment while producing
essential foods and ensuring that agricultural practices are ecologically and socially responsible.
Family farming fosters connections between producers and consumers, enhancing market equity and
supporting food sovereignty (FAO, 2011; Ramirez-Juarez, 2023). In Mexico, agriculture is vital for
providing staple foods such as grains and vegetables. Small- and medium-scale producers primarily
cultivate essential crops like corn, beans, and rice to ensure food security. According to the 2022
Census of Agriculture and Livestock by INEGI, corn is the most widely grown crop, followed by
beans and vegetables like pumpkin, potatoes, and tomatoes. These crops are integral to the Mexican
diet and significantly contribute to local economies
The Secretariat of Agriculture and Rural Development (SADER, Spanish acronym) recognizes
tomatoes as a critical vegetable in Mexico and globally due to their economic significance and
nutritional benefits. However, most crops are cultivated using conventional methods that heavily rely
on chemical fertilizers (SADER, 2022). While these practices can lead to initial high yields, their
indiscriminate use often results in soil degradation, fertility loss, and water contamination, adversely
affecting ecosystems and human health. Research indicates that enhancing bean production could
improve food sovereignty; a study in northern Mexico highlighted that domestic bean production is
insufficient to meet demand, necessitating imports. With only 1.2 % of land having high production
potential available for beans, there is an opportunity to meet domestic needs while generating
surpluses for other regions (Moctezuma-Lopez, 2022).
The implementation of Agriculture 5.0 is addressing food needs sustainably by utilizing technologies
such as robotics and artificial intelligence to enhance productivity. The Federal Telecommunications
pág. 876
Institute (IFT, Spanish acronym) observes that traditional agriculture coexists with advanced methods
in various regions. Digital agriculture relies on devices that process extensive data on climate, crops,
soils, and more (Ponce-Gonzalez, 2023). The Secretariat of Agriculture offers tools like the "Atlas
SIAP" app for agricultural product information, though data on user adoption of these technologies is
limited (Chavez-Gonzalez et al., 2022). The Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales,
Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) has successfully implemented irrigation technologies that conserve
water while maintaining yields during droughts (INIFAP, 2023). These advancements highlight the
potential for integrating technology into sustainable agricultural practices in Mexico.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
Mexican biotechnology has become an essential tool in agriculture, primarily through plant growth-
promoting rhizobacteria. These beneficial bacteria colonize plant roots, improving their development
by facilitating nutrient and water absorption and promoting disease resistance. Institutions such as the
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) are researching these rhizobacteria to optimize
their application in local crops such as corn and chili (Velasco-Jiménez et al., 2020).
The National Laboratory for Plants under Controlled Conditions (PlanTECC) specializes in using
beneficial microorganisms, analyzing their effectiveness in increasing agricultural productivity, and
promoting sustainable practices that respect the environment. This research helps reduce dependence
on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to more sustainable agricultural systems (Cruz-
Cardenas et al., 2021).
The rhizosphere hosts a rich diversity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, which play essential roles
in soil health and offer numerous plant benefits. Among these, PGPR are a diverse group found in the
rhizosphere and on root surfaces, enhancing plant growth quality and extent (Ahmad et al., 2008).
PGPRs benefit plants through direct mechanisms like biofertilization, root stimulation,
rhizoremediation, and stress management. Indirectly, they provide biological control by promoting
growth and mitigating disease impacts through antibiotics, systemic resistance induction, and nutrient
competition (Egamberdieva et al., 2014). These beneficial rhizobacteria enhance water and nutrient
uptake while improving stress tolerance (Backer et al., 2018).
The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria also supports food sovereignty objectives, enabling
Institute (IFT, Spanish acronym) observes that traditional agriculture coexists with advanced methods
in various regions. Digital agriculture relies on devices that process extensive data on climate, crops,
soils, and more (Ponce-Gonzalez, 2023). The Secretariat of Agriculture offers tools like the "Atlas
SIAP" app for agricultural product information, though data on user adoption of these technologies is
limited (Chavez-Gonzalez et al., 2022). The Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales,
Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP) has successfully implemented irrigation technologies that conserve
water while maintaining yields during droughts (INIFAP, 2023). These advancements highlight the
potential for integrating technology into sustainable agricultural practices in Mexico.
Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
Mexican biotechnology has become an essential tool in agriculture, primarily through plant growth-
promoting rhizobacteria. These beneficial bacteria colonize plant roots, improving their development
by facilitating nutrient and water absorption and promoting disease resistance. Institutions such as the
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) are researching these rhizobacteria to optimize
their application in local crops such as corn and chili (Velasco-Jiménez et al., 2020).
The National Laboratory for Plants under Controlled Conditions (PlanTECC) specializes in using
beneficial microorganisms, analyzing their effectiveness in increasing agricultural productivity, and
promoting sustainable practices that respect the environment. This research helps reduce dependence
on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, contributing to more sustainable agricultural systems (Cruz-
Cardenas et al., 2021).
The rhizosphere hosts a rich diversity of microorganisms, mainly bacteria, which play essential roles
in soil health and offer numerous plant benefits. Among these, PGPR are a diverse group found in the
rhizosphere and on root surfaces, enhancing plant growth quality and extent (Ahmad et al., 2008).
PGPRs benefit plants through direct mechanisms like biofertilization, root stimulation,
rhizoremediation, and stress management. Indirectly, they provide biological control by promoting
growth and mitigating disease impacts through antibiotics, systemic resistance induction, and nutrient
competition (Egamberdieva et al., 2014). These beneficial rhizobacteria enhance water and nutrient
uptake while improving stress tolerance (Backer et al., 2018).
The use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria also supports food sovereignty objectives, enabling
pág. 877
local farmers to improve their yields and resilience to environmental challenges, which is critical for
the future of agriculture in Mexico.
Bacteria in crop development
Bacteria play a vital role in agriculture by enhancing crop production through various direct and
indirect mechanisms. A study conducted in the Yaqui Valley, northwestern Mexico, focused on
characterizing native bacteria from maize rhizospheres for their potential as plant growth promoters.
Researchers identified strains such as Bacillus sp., Advenella incenata, Pantoea dispersa, and
Rhizobium, which demonstrated capabilities to synthesize indoles, produce siderophores, and
solubilize phosphates. Inoculating maize with these strains led to significant increases in plant height,
shoot and root dry weight, and critical chlorophyll index value, indicating that native bacteria from the
Yaqui Valley can effectively promote sustainable maize growth (Amezquita-Aviles et al., 2022).
Gutierrez-Calvo et al. (2022) further explored the effects of two Bacillus subtilis strains (GBO3 and
IN937b) on maize growth. They tested 107 and 108 UFC.mL-1 concentrations, finding that GBO3 at
108 UFC.mL-1 and IN937b at 107 UFC.mL-1 significantly enhanced maize growth.
Ali et al. (2022a) also studied the Bacillus mycoides strain PM35, which exhibited resistance to NaCl
stress up to 3 M and demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits. Inoculating maize with Bacillus
mycoides (PM35) alleviated salt stress and improved both shoot and root lengths, highlighting its
potential to support plant growth under saline conditions. In another study, Ali et al. (2022b) examined
the effects of Enterobacter cloacae PM23 under salinity stress. Their biochemical and molecular
characterization revealed that this strain positively influenced maize growth by enhancing biomass,
photosynthesis, and overall plant health while alleviating salt stress. This environmentally friendly
approach offers a strategy for improving crop performance amid salinity challenges. Research on
PGPR has also targeted bean crops.
In the Mexican agricultural context, PGPR can be fundamental to facing challenges such as drought
and salinity. Research such as that of Karmakar et al. (2021) has shown that microorganisms such as
Mycobacterium sp. and Bacillus sp. improve the growth of rice crops under water stress by
solubilizing phosphates and fixing nitrogen. Likewise, using strains such as Pseudomonas mendocina
and Azotobacter vinelandii in wheat crops has shown significant nutrient transfer and salt tolerance
local farmers to improve their yields and resilience to environmental challenges, which is critical for
the future of agriculture in Mexico.
Bacteria in crop development
Bacteria play a vital role in agriculture by enhancing crop production through various direct and
indirect mechanisms. A study conducted in the Yaqui Valley, northwestern Mexico, focused on
characterizing native bacteria from maize rhizospheres for their potential as plant growth promoters.
Researchers identified strains such as Bacillus sp., Advenella incenata, Pantoea dispersa, and
Rhizobium, which demonstrated capabilities to synthesize indoles, produce siderophores, and
solubilize phosphates. Inoculating maize with these strains led to significant increases in plant height,
shoot and root dry weight, and critical chlorophyll index value, indicating that native bacteria from the
Yaqui Valley can effectively promote sustainable maize growth (Amezquita-Aviles et al., 2022).
Gutierrez-Calvo et al. (2022) further explored the effects of two Bacillus subtilis strains (GBO3 and
IN937b) on maize growth. They tested 107 and 108 UFC.mL-1 concentrations, finding that GBO3 at
108 UFC.mL-1 and IN937b at 107 UFC.mL-1 significantly enhanced maize growth.
Ali et al. (2022a) also studied the Bacillus mycoides strain PM35, which exhibited resistance to NaCl
stress up to 3 M and demonstrated plant growth-promoting traits. Inoculating maize with Bacillus
mycoides (PM35) alleviated salt stress and improved both shoot and root lengths, highlighting its
potential to support plant growth under saline conditions. In another study, Ali et al. (2022b) examined
the effects of Enterobacter cloacae PM23 under salinity stress. Their biochemical and molecular
characterization revealed that this strain positively influenced maize growth by enhancing biomass,
photosynthesis, and overall plant health while alleviating salt stress. This environmentally friendly
approach offers a strategy for improving crop performance amid salinity challenges. Research on
PGPR has also targeted bean crops.
In the Mexican agricultural context, PGPR can be fundamental to facing challenges such as drought
and salinity. Research such as that of Karmakar et al. (2021) has shown that microorganisms such as
Mycobacterium sp. and Bacillus sp. improve the growth of rice crops under water stress by
solubilizing phosphates and fixing nitrogen. Likewise, using strains such as Pseudomonas mendocina
and Azotobacter vinelandii in wheat crops has shown significant nutrient transfer and salt tolerance
pág. 878
benefits. These strategies can boost sustainability and productivity in the Mexican countryside.
While indigenous microorganisms offer significant advantages due to their local adaptation and
functional diversity, Bacillus subtilis strains provide a more standardized and proven solution to
improve plant growth and control diseases in diverse agricultural contexts. Both approaches are
complementary and highlight the importance of microorganisms in sustainable farming practices.
Use of plant growth promoting bacterial consortia in agriculture
Research on bacterial consortia applied to agricultural fields has gained traction across various
countries, particularly concerning the cultivation of cereals and vegetables. Studies have focused on
utilizing PGPR in maize, employing consortia composed of six bacterial strains from the genera
Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas. These consortia were tested in vitro and later applied to
maize plants, resulting in enhanced growth parameters compared to single inoculant treatments. This
suggests that such consortia can effectively address low yields and provide a reliable alternative to
chemical fertilizers (Olanrewaju et al., 2019).
The application of PGPR has shown promising results across various soil types. One significant study
examined a consortium of rhizobacterial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus altitudini, Delftia,
and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, aimed at improving maize production in oily sludge conditions.
The findings indicated that this consortium effectively reduced oxidative stress in plants and improved
maize tolerance, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake. This consortium could also be utilized for
remediating soils contaminated with oily sludge from oil refineries (Shahzad et al., 2020).
In bean cultivation, PGPR has demonstrated beneficial effects. A study by Calero-Hurtado et al.
(2022) assessed the impact of biostimulants ME-50® and FitoMas-E® on bean plants during the late
planting season using a 2x2 factorial design. Results showed that the combined application of these
biostimulants significantly increased growth and productivity compared to individual applications,
yielding increases of 10 % and 71%, respectively. Similarly, Calero-Hurtado et al. (2023) explored the
co-application of ME-50® and BIOBRAS-16® on common beans during mid and late planting
seasons. Their findings revealed significant improvements in trifoliate leaf count, plant height, dry
mass of aerial parts, pod count per plant, and overall yield.
Rice production is critical for food security, prompting research into enhancing its yields.
benefits. These strategies can boost sustainability and productivity in the Mexican countryside.
While indigenous microorganisms offer significant advantages due to their local adaptation and
functional diversity, Bacillus subtilis strains provide a more standardized and proven solution to
improve plant growth and control diseases in diverse agricultural contexts. Both approaches are
complementary and highlight the importance of microorganisms in sustainable farming practices.
Use of plant growth promoting bacterial consortia in agriculture
Research on bacterial consortia applied to agricultural fields has gained traction across various
countries, particularly concerning the cultivation of cereals and vegetables. Studies have focused on
utilizing PGPR in maize, employing consortia composed of six bacterial strains from the genera
Bacillus, Streptomyces, and Pseudomonas. These consortia were tested in vitro and later applied to
maize plants, resulting in enhanced growth parameters compared to single inoculant treatments. This
suggests that such consortia can effectively address low yields and provide a reliable alternative to
chemical fertilizers (Olanrewaju et al., 2019).
The application of PGPR has shown promising results across various soil types. One significant study
examined a consortium of rhizobacterial strains, including Bacillus cereus, Bacillus altitudini, Delftia,
and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, aimed at improving maize production in oily sludge conditions.
The findings indicated that this consortium effectively reduced oxidative stress in plants and improved
maize tolerance, thereby enhancing nutrient uptake. This consortium could also be utilized for
remediating soils contaminated with oily sludge from oil refineries (Shahzad et al., 2020).
In bean cultivation, PGPR has demonstrated beneficial effects. A study by Calero-Hurtado et al.
(2022) assessed the impact of biostimulants ME-50® and FitoMas-E® on bean plants during the late
planting season using a 2x2 factorial design. Results showed that the combined application of these
biostimulants significantly increased growth and productivity compared to individual applications,
yielding increases of 10 % and 71%, respectively. Similarly, Calero-Hurtado et al. (2023) explored the
co-application of ME-50® and BIOBRAS-16® on common beans during mid and late planting
seasons. Their findings revealed significant improvements in trifoliate leaf count, plant height, dry
mass of aerial parts, pod count per plant, and overall yield.
Rice production is critical for food security, prompting research into enhancing its yields.
pág. 879
Bandyopadhyay et al. (2022) identified a synergistic interaction between rice (Oryza sativa),
Piriformospora indica, and Azotobacter chroococcum. Co-inoculating plant roots with both fungi and
rhizobacteria resulted in better growth and nutrient uptake than using either microbe alone.
Additionally, Rios-Ruiz et al. (2020) conducted experiments in Peru that demonstrated how selected
native bacterial consortia could reduce nitrogen fertilizer use by up to 25 %. In potato cultivation,
research has focused on combating stem rot through the application of growth-promoting bacteria
alongside synthetic fertilizers. Strains like Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, and
Pseudomonas putida effectively controlled Neocosmospora rubicola infestations (Riaz et al., 2022).
Another study combined Bacillus subtilis with Trichoderma harzianum to suppress common scab
caused by Streptomyces spp., resulting in increased tuber yields over two years (Wang et al., 2019).
Research involving crops from the Solanaceae family has also been conducted to combat pathogens
such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani in potatoes and
tomatoes. Four PGPR strains Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus,
Herbaspirillum seropedicae, and Burkholderia ambifaria were tested for their efficacy against these
infections. The study concluded that this consortium could serve as a promising alternative to
chemical agrochemicals for biocontrol (Pellegrini et al., 2020).
Moreover, research on tomatoes has investigated the effects of heterotrophic bacteria and
cyanobacteria consortia on seedling development. These microbial formulations significantly
stimulated growth and aerial development (Toribio et al., 2022). Paganin et al. (2023) developed a
biofertilizer using eight indigenous strains from genera like Delftia and Pseudomonas, which yielded
results comparable to chemical fertilizers across various tomato varieties, highlighting its potential for
sustainable agricultural practices through knowledge-based formulations.
Use of bacterial consortia in Mexican agriculture
Bacterial consortia in Mexican agriculture have been evaluated with various staple crops. A study in
Villaflores, Chiapas, assessed three microbial consortia—MM1, MM2, and MM3—isolated from the
"La Sepultura" Biosphere Reserve alongside a control of compost with ammonium sulfate.
Researchers used a Latin square design (4x4) on 1225 m² with Pioneer P4082W maize to measure
plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, fresh biomass, and total leaf count. The MM3 consortium
Bandyopadhyay et al. (2022) identified a synergistic interaction between rice (Oryza sativa),
Piriformospora indica, and Azotobacter chroococcum. Co-inoculating plant roots with both fungi and
rhizobacteria resulted in better growth and nutrient uptake than using either microbe alone.
Additionally, Rios-Ruiz et al. (2020) conducted experiments in Peru that demonstrated how selected
native bacterial consortia could reduce nitrogen fertilizer use by up to 25 %. In potato cultivation,
research has focused on combating stem rot through the application of growth-promoting bacteria
alongside synthetic fertilizers. Strains like Azotobacter chroococcum, Azospirillum lipoferum, and
Pseudomonas putida effectively controlled Neocosmospora rubicola infestations (Riaz et al., 2022).
Another study combined Bacillus subtilis with Trichoderma harzianum to suppress common scab
caused by Streptomyces spp., resulting in increased tuber yields over two years (Wang et al., 2019).
Research involving crops from the Solanaceae family has also been conducted to combat pathogens
such as Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici and Rhizoctonia solani in potatoes and
tomatoes. Four PGPR strains Azospirillum brasilense, Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus,
Herbaspirillum seropedicae, and Burkholderia ambifaria were tested for their efficacy against these
infections. The study concluded that this consortium could serve as a promising alternative to
chemical agrochemicals for biocontrol (Pellegrini et al., 2020).
Moreover, research on tomatoes has investigated the effects of heterotrophic bacteria and
cyanobacteria consortia on seedling development. These microbial formulations significantly
stimulated growth and aerial development (Toribio et al., 2022). Paganin et al. (2023) developed a
biofertilizer using eight indigenous strains from genera like Delftia and Pseudomonas, which yielded
results comparable to chemical fertilizers across various tomato varieties, highlighting its potential for
sustainable agricultural practices through knowledge-based formulations.
Use of bacterial consortia in Mexican agriculture
Bacterial consortia in Mexican agriculture have been evaluated with various staple crops. A study in
Villaflores, Chiapas, assessed three microbial consortia—MM1, MM2, and MM3—isolated from the
"La Sepultura" Biosphere Reserve alongside a control of compost with ammonium sulfate.
Researchers used a Latin square design (4x4) on 1225 m² with Pioneer P4082W maize to measure
plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, fresh biomass, and total leaf count. The MM3 consortium
pág. 880
significantly enhanced growth and biomass (Macias-Coutino et al., 2021). Additionally, a consortium
of Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter sp., and Sphingomonas sp. effectively
reduced nitrogen fertilizer use while promoting maize growth (Molina-Romero et al., 2021).
In a study carried out on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris), they evaluated the resistance induction
response by inoculation of endophytic bacteria against Rhizotocnia solani and Fusarium oxysporum,
using bacterial consortia composed of endophytic bacteria of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains 53 and
21 using a block design, the results showed that the endophytic bacterial consortia caused an increase
in protein concentration and enzyme activity in the bean plant, thus contributing to the resistance
mechanism (Castro-del Angel et al., 2021).
Research on wheat plants has focused on enhancing seedling biometric characteristics through
injection with a native consortium of Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus cabrales, Bacillus
paralicheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis. After 30 days in controlled conditions, these strains
demonstrated the ability to synthesize siderophores, indoles, and solubilize phosphates while also
tolerating thermal (43.5 °C), hydric (PEG 10 %), and saline (NaCl 5 %) stress. Inoculated seedlings
showed significant improvements in aerial length, root length, stem diameter, dry weight, and
biovolume index compared to non-inoculated seedlings, highlighting the consortium's growth-
promoting potential (Robles-Montoya et al., 2020).
Research on plant growth promoters extends to vegetables like tomatoes, aiming to enhance growth
and yield. One study evaluated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPsZnO) applied through foliar
and drench methods, alongside rhizospheric microorganisms. Using the commercial product Biogea
Plantek®, which contains Glomus intraradices and Azospirillum brasilense, the results indicated that
the combination of nanoparticle dosage, application method, and substrate microorganisms created a
positive synergistic effect on tomato plant growth and biomass (Vargas-Martinez et al., 2023).
PGPR can enhance growth by protecting against pathogens. A study in Saltillo, Coahuila, investigated
the antagonistic effects of three microbial consortia on three strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersici (FOL) and their impact on wilted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in a
greenhouse. The evaluated consortia—Soil Pro (SP), SOS®, and SSB®—comprise bacteria, yeasts,
and mycorrhizae. Results showed that SP increased tomato seedling growth by 21 %, while SP and
significantly enhanced growth and biomass (Macias-Coutino et al., 2021). Additionally, a consortium
of Azospirillum brasilense, Pseudomonas putida, Acinetobacter sp., and Sphingomonas sp. effectively
reduced nitrogen fertilizer use while promoting maize growth (Molina-Romero et al., 2021).
In a study carried out on bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris), they evaluated the resistance induction
response by inoculation of endophytic bacteria against Rhizotocnia solani and Fusarium oxysporum,
using bacterial consortia composed of endophytic bacteria of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strains 53 and
21 using a block design, the results showed that the endophytic bacterial consortia caused an increase
in protein concentration and enzyme activity in the bean plant, thus contributing to the resistance
mechanism (Castro-del Angel et al., 2021).
Research on wheat plants has focused on enhancing seedling biometric characteristics through
injection with a native consortium of Bacillus megatherium, Bacillus cabrales, Bacillus
paralicheniformis, and Bacillus subtilis. After 30 days in controlled conditions, these strains
demonstrated the ability to synthesize siderophores, indoles, and solubilize phosphates while also
tolerating thermal (43.5 °C), hydric (PEG 10 %), and saline (NaCl 5 %) stress. Inoculated seedlings
showed significant improvements in aerial length, root length, stem diameter, dry weight, and
biovolume index compared to non-inoculated seedlings, highlighting the consortium's growth-
promoting potential (Robles-Montoya et al., 2020).
Research on plant growth promoters extends to vegetables like tomatoes, aiming to enhance growth
and yield. One study evaluated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NPsZnO) applied through foliar
and drench methods, alongside rhizospheric microorganisms. Using the commercial product Biogea
Plantek®, which contains Glomus intraradices and Azospirillum brasilense, the results indicated that
the combination of nanoparticle dosage, application method, and substrate microorganisms created a
positive synergistic effect on tomato plant growth and biomass (Vargas-Martinez et al., 2023).
PGPR can enhance growth by protecting against pathogens. A study in Saltillo, Coahuila, investigated
the antagonistic effects of three microbial consortia on three strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.
lycopersici (FOL) and their impact on wilted tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) seedlings in a
greenhouse. The evaluated consortia—Soil Pro (SP), SOS®, and SSB®—comprise bacteria, yeasts,
and mycorrhizae. Results showed that SP increased tomato seedling growth by 21 %, while SP and
pág. 881
SOS® reduced seedling damage severity by 37 % (Limon-Corona et al., 2022).
Significantly, these bacteria improve nutrient availability and water uptake, contributing to plant
resistance to disease and adverse conditions. These practices benefit the environment and human
health by reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, promoting a more balanced and
resilient agricultural system.
The application of advanced technologies, such as Agriculture 5.0, which uses robotics and artificial
intelligence to improve agricultural productivity, not only optimizes the use of resources but also
offers innovative tools to address environmental challenges, demonstrating a commitment to
sustainability. Promoting diversified agricultural practices improves soil health and helps mitigate
risks associated with climate change and market fluctuations.
Biostimulants are mainly composed of beneficial microorganisms, including various PGPR strains.
These microorganisms include genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and
Mycobacterium. These microorganisms perform key functions, such as phosphate solubilization,
nitrogen fixation, and the production of plant hormones that stimulate growth. In addition, some can
produce siderophores, which help plants absorb iron and other compounds that improve resistance to
disease and environmental stress.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, using soil microbiota in agriculture offers multiple benefits, such as increased plant
growth and improved soil health, essential for optimal production. Several countries have investigated
and applied PGPR on different crops, revealing that each microbial consortium presents variable
effectiveness depending on the application conditions. These bacteria protect crops from pathogens
and support plant growth and food safety. Correctly applying bacterial consortia can increase
production, contribute to food sovereignty, and promote environmentally friendly fertilization
techniques. It is essential to integrate agricultural technification in Mexico and develop new
sustainable technologies to achieve better yields and minimize the adverse effects of chemical
fertilizers. In addition, it is crucial to include information on the impact of microbial inoculants in the
digital analysis of Agriculture 5.0 to optimize agricultural yields. These microorganisms improve soil
health and nutrient availability, allowing farmers to implement more sustainable and efficient
SOS® reduced seedling damage severity by 37 % (Limon-Corona et al., 2022).
Significantly, these bacteria improve nutrient availability and water uptake, contributing to plant
resistance to disease and adverse conditions. These practices benefit the environment and human
health by reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and pesticides, promoting a more balanced and
resilient agricultural system.
The application of advanced technologies, such as Agriculture 5.0, which uses robotics and artificial
intelligence to improve agricultural productivity, not only optimizes the use of resources but also
offers innovative tools to address environmental challenges, demonstrating a commitment to
sustainability. Promoting diversified agricultural practices improves soil health and helps mitigate
risks associated with climate change and market fluctuations.
Biostimulants are mainly composed of beneficial microorganisms, including various PGPR strains.
These microorganisms include genera such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, and
Mycobacterium. These microorganisms perform key functions, such as phosphate solubilization,
nitrogen fixation, and the production of plant hormones that stimulate growth. In addition, some can
produce siderophores, which help plants absorb iron and other compounds that improve resistance to
disease and environmental stress.
CONCLUSIONS
In conclusion, using soil microbiota in agriculture offers multiple benefits, such as increased plant
growth and improved soil health, essential for optimal production. Several countries have investigated
and applied PGPR on different crops, revealing that each microbial consortium presents variable
effectiveness depending on the application conditions. These bacteria protect crops from pathogens
and support plant growth and food safety. Correctly applying bacterial consortia can increase
production, contribute to food sovereignty, and promote environmentally friendly fertilization
techniques. It is essential to integrate agricultural technification in Mexico and develop new
sustainable technologies to achieve better yields and minimize the adverse effects of chemical
fertilizers. In addition, it is crucial to include information on the impact of microbial inoculants in the
digital analysis of Agriculture 5.0 to optimize agricultural yields. These microorganisms improve soil
health and nutrient availability, allowing farmers to implement more sustainable and efficient
pág. 882
practices, resulting in increased productivity and sustainability in the Mexican agricultural sector.
The integration of Agriculture 5.0 is essential to maximize these benefits; using advanced technologies
such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, farmers can optimize PGPR and improve decision-
making in real-time. This synergy between biotechnology and digitization will enable more efficient
resource management, driving sustainable agricultural practices. Including information on the effect of
microbial inoculants in digital analysis is key to optimizing agricultural performance. Together, these
approaches improve soil health and nutrient availability and empower farmers to implement more
sustainable and efficient practices.
REFERENCE LIST
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multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiological Research, 163 (2), 173-81. Doi:
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Ali, B., Wang, X., Saleem, M. H., Azeem, M. A., Afridi, M. S., Nadeem, M., Ghazal, M., Batool, T.,
Qayyum, A., Alatawi, A., & Ali, S. (2022a). Bacillus mycoides PM35 reinforces
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I., Amaral Júnior, A. T. Do, Alatawi, A., & Ali, S. (2022b). PGPR-Mediated salt tolerance in
maize by modulating plant physiology, antioxidant defense, compatible solutes accumulation
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Amezquita-Aviles, C. F., Coronel-Acosta, C. B., De los Santos Villalobos, S., Santoyo, G. & Parra
Cota, F. I. (2022). Characterization of native plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and
their effect on the development of maize (Zea Mays L.). Biotecnia, 24(1), 15–22. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v24i1.1353.
Backer, R., Rokem, J. S., Ilangumaran, G., Lamont, J., Praslickova, D., Ricci, E., Subramanian, S., &
Smith, D. L. (2018). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Context, mechanisms of action,
practices, resulting in increased productivity and sustainability in the Mexican agricultural sector.
The integration of Agriculture 5.0 is essential to maximize these benefits; using advanced technologies
such as artificial intelligence and data analytics, farmers can optimize PGPR and improve decision-
making in real-time. This synergy between biotechnology and digitization will enable more efficient
resource management, driving sustainable agricultural practices. Including information on the effect of
microbial inoculants in digital analysis is key to optimizing agricultural performance. Together, these
approaches improve soil health and nutrient availability and empower farmers to implement more
sustainable and efficient practices.
REFERENCE LIST
Ahmad, F., Ahmad, I., & Khan, M. S. (2008). Screening of free-living rhizospheric bacteria for their
multiple plant growth promoting activities. Microbiological Research, 163 (2), 173-81. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micres.2006.04.001.
Ali, B., Wang, X., Saleem, M. H., Azeem, M. A., Afridi, M. S., Nadeem, M., Ghazal, M., Batool, T.,
Qayyum, A., Alatawi, A., & Ali, S. (2022a). Bacillus mycoides PM35 reinforces
photosynthetic efficiency, antioxidant defense, expression of stress-responsive genes, and
ameliorates the effects of salinity stress in maize. Life, 12(2), 219. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.3390/life12020219.
Ali, B., Wang, X., Saleem, M. H., Sumaira, Hafeez, A., Afridi, M. S., Khan, S., Zaib-Un-nisa, Ullah,
I., Amaral Júnior, A. T. Do, Alatawi, A., & Ali, S. (2022b). PGPR-Mediated salt tolerance in
maize by modulating plant physiology, antioxidant defense, compatible solutes accumulation
and bio-surfactant producing genes. Plants, 11(3), 345. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.3390/plants11030345.
Amezquita-Aviles, C. F., Coronel-Acosta, C. B., De los Santos Villalobos, S., Santoyo, G. & Parra
Cota, F. I. (2022). Characterization of native plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB) and
their effect on the development of maize (Zea Mays L.). Biotecnia, 24(1), 15–22. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v24i1.1353.
Backer, R., Rokem, J. S., Ilangumaran, G., Lamont, J., Praslickova, D., Ricci, E., Subramanian, S., &
Smith, D. L. (2018). Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria: Context, mechanisms of action,
pág. 883
and roadmap to commercialization of biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in
Plant Science, 871, 1473. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01473.
Bandyopadhyay, P., Yadav, B. G., Kumar, S. G., Kumar, R., Kogel, K. H., & Kumar, S. (2022).
Piriformospora indica and Azotobacter chroococcum consortium facilitates higher acquisition
of N, P with improved carbon allocation and enhanced plant growth in Oryza sativa. Journal of
Fungi, 8(5), 453. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8050453.
Brenner, K., You, L., & Arnold, F. H. (2008). Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in
synthetic biology. Trends in Biotechnology, 26(9), 483-89. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.05.004.
Calero-Hurtado, A., Perez-Diaz, Y., Rodríguez-Lorenzo, M., & Rodríguez-González, V. (2022). Joint
application of beneficial microorganisms consortium and FitoMas-E® increases the
agricultural indicators of beans. Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad y Divulgacion Cientifica, 25(1),
e2252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v25.n1.2022.2252.
Castro-del Angel, E., Hernandez-Castillo, F., Gallegos-Morales, G, & Ochoa Fuentes, Y. (2021).
Endophytic bacteria and their effect on the induction of systemic resistance in bean crop
against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Biotecnia, 23(3), 167-74. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1504.
Chavez-Gonzalez, M.E, Armas-Arevalos, E & Ayvar-Campos, F. J. (2022). The use of information
and communication technologies in mexican agriculture, an approach for development. Studies
applied to the global analysis and use of the territory for productive innovation. UNAM-
AMECIDER, 469-484. Consulted 22 september 2024. Available in:
http://ru.iiec.unam.mx/5875.
de Lima, B. C., Bonifacio, A., de Alcantara Neto, F., Araujo, F. F., & Araujo, A. S. F. (2022). Bacillus
subtilis rhizobacteria ameliorate heat stress in the common bean. Rhizosphere, 21, 100472.
Doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100472.
Egamberdieva, D., & Lugtenberg, B. (2014). Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate
salinity stress in plants. In Use of Microbes for the Alleviation of Soil Stresses, Springer New
York, 73-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9466-9_4.
and roadmap to commercialization of biostimulants for sustainable agriculture. Frontiers in
Plant Science, 871, 1473. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2018.01473.
Bandyopadhyay, P., Yadav, B. G., Kumar, S. G., Kumar, R., Kogel, K. H., & Kumar, S. (2022).
Piriformospora indica and Azotobacter chroococcum consortium facilitates higher acquisition
of N, P with improved carbon allocation and enhanced plant growth in Oryza sativa. Journal of
Fungi, 8(5), 453. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/jof8050453.
Brenner, K., You, L., & Arnold, F. H. (2008). Engineering microbial consortia: a new frontier in
synthetic biology. Trends in Biotechnology, 26(9), 483-89. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2008.05.004.
Calero-Hurtado, A., Perez-Diaz, Y., Rodríguez-Lorenzo, M., & Rodríguez-González, V. (2022). Joint
application of beneficial microorganisms consortium and FitoMas-E® increases the
agricultural indicators of beans. Revista U.D.C.A Actualidad y Divulgacion Cientifica, 25(1),
e2252. Doi: https://doi.org/10.31910/rudca.v25.n1.2022.2252.
Castro-del Angel, E., Hernandez-Castillo, F., Gallegos-Morales, G, & Ochoa Fuentes, Y. (2021).
Endophytic bacteria and their effect on the induction of systemic resistance in bean crop
against Rhizoctonia solani and Fusarium oxysporum. Biotecnia, 23(3), 167-74. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.18633/biotecnia.v23i3.1504.
Chavez-Gonzalez, M.E, Armas-Arevalos, E & Ayvar-Campos, F. J. (2022). The use of information
and communication technologies in mexican agriculture, an approach for development. Studies
applied to the global analysis and use of the territory for productive innovation. UNAM-
AMECIDER, 469-484. Consulted 22 september 2024. Available in:
http://ru.iiec.unam.mx/5875.
de Lima, B. C., Bonifacio, A., de Alcantara Neto, F., Araujo, F. F., & Araujo, A. S. F. (2022). Bacillus
subtilis rhizobacteria ameliorate heat stress in the common bean. Rhizosphere, 21, 100472.
Doi: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100472.
Egamberdieva, D., & Lugtenberg, B. (2014). Use of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria to alleviate
salinity stress in plants. In Use of Microbes for the Alleviation of Soil Stresses, Springer New
York, 73-96. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-9466-9_4.
pág. 884
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Basic Concepts 3. Available in: https://www.fao.org/in-action/pesa-
centroamerica/temas/conceptos-basicos/es/#:~:text=Se %20refiere %20a %20que %20las,con
%20equidad %20dentro %20del %20hogar.
Gutierrez-Calvo, A. E., Gutierrez-Estrada, A., Miceli-Mendez, C. L., & López-Miceli, M. A. (2022).
Effects of bacillus subtilis strains GBO3 and IN937b on the growth of corn (Zea mays L.).
Polibotánica, 53, 211-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18387/polibotanica.53.14.
Hurtado, A. C., Diaz, Y. P., Gonzalez, L. H., Guardarrama, Y. G., Mendez, S. M. P., Perez, Y. R., &
Lizazo, I. C. 2023. Co-application between efficient microorganism consortium and biobras-
16® increasing the growth and productivity of common beans. Revista de La Facultad de
Ciencias, 12(2), 64-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v12n2.107055.
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Economía y Sectores productivos. Available in:
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Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Pecuarias (INIFAP). (2023). Plataforma INIFAP-
IRRIMODEL: gestión integral del riego a gran escala a través de Internet. INIFAP. Available
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a-gran-escala-a-traves-de-internet.
Karmakar, J., Goswami, S., Pramanik, K., Maiti, T. K., Kar, R. K., & Dey, N. 2021. Growth
promoting properties of mycobacterium and bacillus on rice plants under induced drought.
Plant Science Today, 8(1), 49-57. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.965.
Limon-Corona, M. L., Flores-Olivas, A., Hernandez-Castillo, F. D., Gonzalez-Merino, A. M.,
Gonzalez-Morales, S., Virgen-Calleros, G., Cerda-Garcia, P. A., & Hernández-Martínez, R.
(2022). Effect of microbial consortia on the Solanum lycopersicum-Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.
lycopersici pathosystem. Ecosistemas y Recursos Agropecuarios, 9(3), e3221. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.19136/era.a9n3.3221.
Macias-Coutiño, P., Guevara-Hernandez, F., Ruiz-Valdiviezo, V. M., Reyes-Sosa, M. B., La O Arias,
M. A., & Pinto-Ruiz, R. (2021). Effect of three microbial consortia in corn (Zea mays L.) in
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Basic Concepts 3. Available in: https://www.fao.org/in-action/pesa-
centroamerica/temas/conceptos-basicos/es/#:~:text=Se %20refiere %20a %20que %20las,con
%20equidad %20dentro %20del %20hogar.
Gutierrez-Calvo, A. E., Gutierrez-Estrada, A., Miceli-Mendez, C. L., & López-Miceli, M. A. (2022).
Effects of bacillus subtilis strains GBO3 and IN937b on the growth of corn (Zea mays L.).
Polibotánica, 53, 211-18. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18387/polibotanica.53.14.
Hurtado, A. C., Diaz, Y. P., Gonzalez, L. H., Guardarrama, Y. G., Mendez, S. M. P., Perez, Y. R., &
Lizazo, I. C. 2023. Co-application between efficient microorganism consortium and biobras-
16® increasing the growth and productivity of common beans. Revista de La Facultad de
Ciencias, 12(2), 64-79. Doi: https://doi.org/10.15446/rev.fac.cienc.v12n2.107055.
Instituto Nacional de Estadística, Geografía e Informática (INEGI). (2022). Censo Agropecuario,
Economía y Sectores productivos. Available in:
https://www.inegi.org.mx/contenidos/programas/ca/2022/doc/ca2022_rdnal.pdf.
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales y Pecuarias (INIFAP). (2023). Plataforma INIFAP-
IRRIMODEL: gestión integral del riego a gran escala a través de Internet. INIFAP. Available
in: https://www.gob.mx/inifap/articulos/plataforma-inifap-irrimodel-gestion-integral-del-riego-
a-gran-escala-a-traves-de-internet.
Karmakar, J., Goswami, S., Pramanik, K., Maiti, T. K., Kar, R. K., & Dey, N. 2021. Growth
promoting properties of mycobacterium and bacillus on rice plants under induced drought.
Plant Science Today, 8(1), 49-57. Doi: https://doi.org/10.14719/pst.2021.8.1.965.
Limon-Corona, M. L., Flores-Olivas, A., Hernandez-Castillo, F. D., Gonzalez-Merino, A. M.,
Gonzalez-Morales, S., Virgen-Calleros, G., Cerda-Garcia, P. A., & Hernández-Martínez, R.
(2022). Effect of microbial consortia on the Solanum lycopersicum-Fusarium oxysporumf. sp.
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rhizosphere of Chilean common bean ecotype (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) supporting seed
germination and growth against salinity stress. Frontiers in Plant Science, 13, 1-18. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.1052263.
Moctezuma-Lopez, G. (2022). Contribution to food sovereignty of beans through productive potential
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https://doi.org/10.22004/AG.ECON.330096.
Molina-Romero, D., Juarez-Sanchez, S., Venegas, B., Ortiz-Gonzalez, C. S., Baez, A., Morales-
Garcia, Y. E., & Munoz-Rojas, J. (2021). A bacterial consortium interacts with different
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under field conditions. Frontiers in Sustainable Food Systems, 4, 1-12. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.616757.
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Olanrewaju, O. S., & Babalola, O. O. (2019). Bacterial consortium for improved maize (Zea mays L.)
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Giudici, G., Sprocati, A. R., & Alisi, C. (2023). A bacterial formula with native strains as
alternative to chemical fertiliser for tomato crop. Plant Growth Regulation, 102(2), 251-66.
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Pellegrini, M., Ercole, C., Di Zio, C., Matteucci, F., Pace, L., & Del Gallo, M. (2020). In vitro and in
planta antagonistic effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria consortium against
soilborne plant pathogens of Solanum tuberosum and Solanum lycopersicum. FEMS
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digitalizacion-en-el-sector-agropecuario.
Ramirez-Juarez, J. (2023). Food regime and family farming. Elements for food sovereignty. Revista
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Riaz, M., Mahmood, R., Antar, M., Akhtar, N., Khan, S. N., Anjum, M. A., & Smith, D. L. (2022). A
bacterial consortium and synthetic fertilizer based biocontrol approach against potato rot
disease “Neocosmospora rubicola”. Frontiers in Agronomy, 4, 828070. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.3389/fagro.2022.828070.
Rios-Ruiz, W. F., Torres-Chavez, E. E., Torres-Delgado, J., Rojas-Garcia, J. C., Bedmar, E. J., &
Valdez-Nunez, R. A. (2020). Inoculation of bacterial consortium increases rice yield (Oryza
sativa L.) reducing applications of nitrogen fertilizer in San Martin region, Peru. Rhizosphere,
14, 100200. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2020.100200.
Robles-Montoya, R. I., Chaparro-Encinas, L., Parra- Cota, F. I., De Los, S., & Villalobos, S. (2020).
Improvement of wheat seedling biometric traits by inoculation with a native Bacillus
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https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v11i1.2162.
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granos-basicos-de-mexico#:~:text=Ma %C3 %ADz %2C %20frijol %2C %20arroz %20y
%20trigo,Rural %20 %7C %20Gobierno %20 %7C %20gob.mx.
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Lopez, M. J. (2022). Design and validation of cyanobacteria-rhizobacteria consortia for tomato
seedlings growth promotion. Scientific Reports, 12, 13150. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17547-8.
Ullah, S., Bano, A., Ullah, A., Shahid, M. A., & Khan, N. (2022). A comparative study of plant
growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and sowing methods on nutrient availability in wheat
and rhizosphere soil under salinity stress. Rhizosphere, 23, 100571. Doi:
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rhisph.2022.100571.
Vargas-Martinez, G., Betancourt-Galindo, R., Juarez-Maldonado, A., Sanchez-Vega, M., Sandoval-
Rangel, A., & Lopez, A. M. (2023). Impact of NPsZnO and rhizospheric microorganisms on
tomato growth and biomass. Tropical and subtropical agroecosystems, 26(1), 1-12. Doi:
https://doi.org/10.56369/tsaes.4332.
Wang, Z., Li, Y., Zhuang, L., Yu, Y., Liu, J., Zhang, L., Gao, Z., Wu, Y., Gao, W., Ding, G. Chun, &
Wang, Q. (2019). A Rhizosphere-Derived consortium of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma
harzianum suppresses common scab of potato and increases yield. Computational and
Structural Biotechnology Journal, 17, 645-53. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.csbj.2019.05.003.
Velasco-Jiménez, A., Castellanos-Hernández, O., Acevedo-Hernández, G., Aarland, R. C., Rodríguez-
Sahagún, A. (2020). Rhizospheric bacteria with potential benefits in agriculture. Terra
Latinoamericana, 38(2), 333-345. Doi: https://doi.org/10.28940/terra.v38i2.470.
Cruz-Cardenas, C. I., Zelaya-Molina, L. X., Sandoval-Cancino, G., de los Santos-Villalobos, S.,
Rojas-Anaya, E., Chávez-Díaz, I. F., Ruiz-Ramírez, S. (2021). Using microorganisms for a
sustainable agriculture in Mexico: considerations and challenges. Revista Mexicana De
Ciencias Agrícolas, 12 (5), 899-913. Doi: https://doi.org/10.29312/remexca.v12i5.2905