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Educational inclusion in Ecuador: progress, challenges, and perspectives
from the current legal framework
ABSTRACT
This article critically analyzes the advances, challenges, and perspectives of educational inclusion in
Ecuador, based on the study of current regulations and various contemporary theoretical and empirical
approaches. It is important to consider that, despite state efforts to consolidate a more equitable and
diversity-respectful education system, structural, pedagogical, and institutional barriers persist,
hindering the effective and efficient application of inclusive principles at all levels of the education
system. At the regulatory level, the structure of a legal framework that responds to the mandates of the
supreme law, the Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador, is evident. Examples include the MINEDUC-
MINEDUC-2023-00064-A Agreement, which establishes guidelines for supporting students with
specific educational support needs, the Organic Law of Intercultural Education (LOEI) and its
regulations, which incorporate equity and diversity guidelines. Similarly, the Development Plan for the
New Ecuador 2024–2025 proposes public policies aimed at strengthening inclusion from a
comprehensive development perspective (Ministry of Education, 2023; National Planning Secretariat,
2024). However, there is also a risk that these guidelines remain merely on paper, hindering the
achievement of the intended goals. In full agreement with various authors such as Hernández Pico and
Samada Grasst (2023), as well as Maqueira Caraballo et al. (2023), it is possible to affirm that
educational inclusion goes beyond the mere presence of students with disabilities in classrooms,
demanding profound transformations in institutional culture, curriculum, assessment methods, and
community engagement. This vision is supported by authors like Arcos Proaño, Garrido Arroyo, and
Balladares Burgos (2023), who advocate for an education policy based on intersectional, intercultural,
and human rights principles. Regarding basic education, research by Serrano Polo, Espinoza Freire, and
Espinoza Guamán (2023) reveals persistent gaps in access to and continuity in schooling for children in
vulnerable situations. Concerning higher education, Vásquez Aguilar et al. (2024) point out that
inclusion policies are still in their early stages, especially concerning students with disabilities. Based
on all the above, it can be summarized that, although Ecuador has recorded normative advances in
educational inclusion, it still faces the challenge of ensuring adequate funding, strengthening teacher
training, and undertaking structural changes in its education system. An analysis of current laws, plans,
and studies reveals a scenario of possibilities, provided that coherent, assessable policies adapted to
territorial contexts are implemented. This research is developed under a descriptive approach,
theoretically supporting the addressed aspects by employing the analytical-synthetic and inductive-
deductive methods, as well as research techniques such as observation and interviews. These tools
allowed for the analysis of educational inclusion in Ecuador based on current regulations, identifying
the achievements made, persistent challenges, and future perspectives. In short, although important
advances have been made in Ecuador regarding the normative development of educational inclusion,
considerable challenges remain related to adequate funding, teacher training and awareness, and the
need for profound structural reforms in the education system.
Keywords: educational inclusion, public policies, accessibility, disability, diversity
Artículo recibido 15 marzo 2025
Aceptado para publicación: 18 abril 2025