PDF to HTML by MaxAI.co

REPORTES DE MALTRATO ANIMAL EN
MEDELLÍN: UN ENFOQUE PARA
IMPLEMENTAR SISTEMAS DE ALERTA
TEMPRANA PARA LA PREVENCIÓN DE
OTRAS FORMAS DE VIOLENCIA
ANIMAL ABUSE REPORTS IN MEDELLÍN: AN APPROACH
TO IMPLEMENTING EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS FOR THE
PREVENTION OF OTHER FORMS OF VIOLENCE
Juan Felipe Zapata Martínez ,
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Erick Johan Córdoba Torres
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Sebastian Santa Oquendo, Martínez
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Hesed Fernando Díaz Noscue
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Julio Cesar Aguirre
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Juan José Ruiz Roldán
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine
Andrés Felipe Tirado
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Faculty of Nursing

pág. 10615
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i6.22235
Reportes de maltrato animal en Medellín: un enfoque para implementar
sistemas de alerta temprana para la prevención de otras formas de
violencia
Juan Felipe Zapata Martínez1,
juan.zapata@uniremington.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8782-945X
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine
Corporación para las Investigaciones Biologicas
Universidad de Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine
Medellín, Colombia
Erick Johan Córdoba Torres
erick.cordoba.6321@miremington.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0005-3202-4626
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of
Medicine.
País Medellín, Colombia
Sebastian Santa Oquendo, Martínez
sebastian.santana.2003@miremington.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3163-1739
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of
Medicine.
Medellín, Colombia
Hesed Fernando Díaz Noscue
hesed.diaz.8014@miremington.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0009-0002-0093-1895
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of
Medicine.
Medellín, Colombia
Julio Cesar Aguirre
julio.aguirre@uniremington.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0998-3328
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine
Medellín, Colombia
Juan José Ruiz Roldán
juan.ruiz@uniremington.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9701-3542
Corporación Universitaria Remington, Faculty of
Veterinary Medicine
Andrés Felipe Tirado
felipe.tirado@upb.edu.co
https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9010-1494
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana, Faculty of
Nursing
Medellín, Colombia
1 Autor principal.
Correspondencia: juan.zapata@uniremington.edu.co

pág. 10616
RESUMEN
Tras la promulgación de la Ley 1774 en 2016, Colombia reconoció formalmente a los animales como
seres sintientes, estableciendo un marco legal para salvaguardar su bienestar. A pesar de este avance,
persisten brechas en la implementación y en el reporte de casos de maltrato animal. Este estudio tuvo
como objetivo describir los eventos relacionados con los reportes de maltrato animal en Medellín,
ofreciendo una visión cuantitativa que permita comprender mejor este fenómeno. Se realizó un estudio
transversal utilizando informes de inspección policial. En total, se analizaron 320 reportes, excluyendo
aquellos con inconsistencias. El procesamiento de los datos se llevó a cabo en RStudio y SPSS, con el
fin de explorar correlaciones entre los reportes de maltrato animal y los datos de homicidios en la ciudad.
Los principales hallazgos muestran que el 29,9% de los casos carecía de evidencia de maltrato, y el
48,9% no recibió intervención debido a factores externos. Solo el 7,5% de los casos resultó en la
reubicación del animal. Se identificó una fuerte correlación (0,823) entre los reportes de maltrato animal
y los reportes de homicidio, lo que sugiere una relación significativa entre estas formas de violencia.
Este estudio ofrece una base para desarrollar estrategias preventivas y mejorar la gestión del maltrato
animal en Medellín, contribuyendo a la evaluación y el fortalecimiento de las políticas de protección
animal.
Palabras clave: Violencia; Crueldad Animal, Animale; crimen

pág. 10617
Animal Abuse Reports in Medellín: An Approach to Implementing Early
Warning Systems for the Prevention of Other Forms of Violence
ABSTRACT
Following the enactment of Law 1774 in 2016, Colombia recognized animals as sentient beings, aiming
to safeguard their welfare. Despite this legal framework, challenges persist in the implementation and
reporting of animal abuse. This study aimed to describe the events related to animal abuse reports in
Medellín, providing a quantitative approach to better understand this issue. A cross-sectional study was
conducted using police inspection reports. A total of 320 reports were analyzed, excluding those with
inconsistencies. Data processing utilized statistical tools such as RStudio and SPSS to correlate animal
abuse reports with homicide data in the city. Key findings revealed that 29.9% of cases lacked evidence
of abuse and 48.9% had no intervention due to external reasons. Only 7.5% of the cases led to animal
relocation. Additionally, a significant correlation (0.823) was found between animal abuse reports and
homicide reports, suggesting a relationship between these forms of violence. This study provides a
foundation for developing preventive strategies and managing animal abuse in Medellín, thereby
contributing to the evaluation of animal protection policies.
Keywords: Violence; animal cruelty; animals, crime
Artículo recibido 30 noviembre 2025
Aceptado para publicación: 30 diciembre 2025

pág. 10618
INTRODUCCIÓN
In Colombia, animals were recognized as sentient beings following the approval of Bill 172 of 2015
(Bill 172, 2015), introduced on September 3, 2014, which led to the enactment of Law 1774 of 2016
(Law 1774, 2016). This legislation amended the Civil Code, Law 84 of 1989, the Penal Code, and the
Code of Criminal Procedure and introduced other provisions, including the country's regulatory
framework concerning crimes against the life, physical integrity, and emotional well-being of animals.
Consequently, Colombia has joined over 30 countries that acknowledge animal sentience (World
Animal Protection, 2024). Although numerous studies have analyzed the legal recognition of animal
sentience in Colombia (Aguirre et al., 2018; Contreras-Rojas, 2016; Duran & Vega, 2017; Gutiérrez,
2019; Pacheco Niño, 2018), few have described the phenomenon. There is a need for quantitative
analyses that facilitate the understanding of the phenomenon of animal abuse reports, characterization
of abuse through complaints, identification of profiles of complainants and accused individuals,
definition of primary victims and types of mistreatment, and development of preventive strategies and
management approaches for animal abuse and violence. This will allow for an evaluation of the impact
of animal protection policies and a better understanding of this phenomenon in relation to other forms
of violence.
Therefore, this study aimed to describe the events associated with animal abuse reports in the city of
Medellín and its surrounding areas, providing an initial approach to a differentiated understanding of
the phenomenon in the city.
METHODS
Study Design: A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from police inspection records that
handle reports of animal abuse and violence in Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia.
No sample size was calculated, as the study utilized the total available data provided by the inspection,
which amounted to 320 reports after excluding those with inconsistencies, such as missing information
on the animal species, complainants’sociodemographic details, and duplicate information.
To relate the reports to other social variables related to violence, the study referenced the Medellín
homicide database, which is available online
(https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/6c30d1bf0036428c8e868c4d07b50374).

pág. 10619
The data were compiled by the commune and district of the city.
Variables: The databases included nominal variables, such as the sociodemographic characteristics of
complainants (Male, Female, Partner, Community, Anonymous), which did not incorporate a gender
differential perspective. Other variables included the location of incidents, the principles of freedom
violated in animals according to the reports, frequency of abuse or violation events, type of abuse
(companion animal, production animal, wildlife), species of abused animals, type of intervention by
authorities, frequency of reports involving special-handling canines, risk factors related to the abuse
event, and the frequency of additional behaviors or events associated with the report.
Execution Details: The inspection provided the research team with publicly accessible and unrestricted
records that did not affect the investigations or compromise the privacy of those involved. The research
team cleaned the data to ensure quality, and data processing was conducted in 2023.
Statistical Procedures: Nominal scale variables were analyzed using absolute and relative frequency.
Data were processed using Microsoft Office Excel 2007 (Microsoft Corporation). Data cleaning and
analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics version 29 (IBM Corp). Released 2012. IBM SPSS
Statistics for Windows, Version 19.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.) and licensed by the Universidad
Pontificia Bolivariana.
To map the abuse, addresses from the database were used, and the data were converted using the
OpenCage geocoding tool and R software. The resulting maps were generated using QGIS and
compared with the 2023 homicide data for Medellín. Additionally, R software was used to perform
correlations between the number of homicides and abuse reports at the commune level using Spearman's
rho (rs), according to the distribution of the data.
Ethical Considerations: This study was classified as minimal risk according to Resolution 008430 of the
Colombian Ministry of Health. Approval was granted by the Animal Bioethics Committee of the Faculty
of Veterinary Medicine at Corporación Universitaria Remington on March 23, 2022, as documented in
Act 03-2022, authorising the project's execution. Fundamental ethical principles were upheld, and the
information of the complainants and accused individuals was handled with confidentiality and
discretion.

pág. 10620
RESULTS
The analysis revealed that of the total number of reports, 13.1% (n=42) were filed by men, 32.4%
(n=104) by women, 53% (n=170) by groups or communities, 1.2% (n=4) by anonymous reports, and
0.3% (n=1) by couples.
Of these reports, 93.8% pertained to incidents occurring within the city of Medellín, while the remaining
6.2% were related to animal abuse incidents distributed across its five corregimientos: 2.8% of cases in
San Antonio de Prado, 2.2% in San Cristóbal, 0.9% in Santa Elena, 0.3% in Altavista, and 0% in San
Sebastián de Palmitas.
Regarding the freedoms violated, 29% (n=93) of the reports were related to violations of the freedom to
be free from hunger, thirst, and malnutrition; 27.1% (n=87) related to violations of the freedom from
fear and distress; 15.6% (n=50) related to physical and thermal discomfort; 12.5% (n=40) to ensure
animals were free from pain, injury, and disease; 12.1% (n=39) to maintain the freedom for animals to
express natural behaviors; and 3.7% (n=12) were associated with neighborhood conflicts related to noise
(see Table 1).
Table 1: Frequency of Main Causes of Reports
Category Cases (n) % of
Total Cumulative %
Presumed inadequate health condition 135 42.1% 42.1%
Inadequate space for keeping 2 0.6% 42.7%
Presumed abandonment 45 14.0% 56.7%
Presumed accumulation of animals 38 11.8% 68.5%
Presumed physical abuse (owner to animal) 26 8.1% 76.6%
Presumed aggression towards animals or training for
aggression 20 6.2% 82.9%
Presumed exploitation or breeding 7 2.2% 85.0%
Presumed noise 12 3.7% 88.8%
Other events related to attempted poisoning 36 11.2% 100.0%
Of the total number of reported cases, 94.4% (n=303) involved both conventional and unconventional
companion animals. Meanwhile, 5.3% (n=17) were related to domesticated animals used for production

pág. 10621
or exploitation, and 0.3% (n=1) involved other categories. Among these, 77.3% (n=248) of the reports
concerned canines, 7.2% (n=23) were related to domesticated felines, 3.1% (n=10) involved poultry,
0.9% (n=3) were equines, 0.9% (n=3) were rodents, 0.3% (n=1) involved goats, and 7.8% (n=25) of the
reports referred to cases of abuse involving multiple species.
Of the total canine-related cases, 31% (n=79) involved dogs that required special management. Risk
factors such as cohabitation with vulnerable individuals were identified in 3.4% (n=11) of the reports.
Other risk factors included lack of prior knowledge or experience of responsible animal ownership
(1.2%, n=4), lack of resources for responsible animal ownership (2.5%, n=8), history of aggressive
behavior (1.2%, n=4), substance abuse (0.3%, n=1), and history of interpersonal violence (0.6%, n=2).
The authorities were unable to substantiate the occurrence of animal abuse in 29.9 % (n = 96) of the
cases. In 48.9% (n=157) of the cases, no intervention was possible because of external factors beyond
the control of authorities. Educational interventions were conducted in 13.7% (n=55) of the cases,
whereas only 7.5% (n=24) resulted in animal relocation ( Table 2).
Table 2. Type of Intervention by Authorities
Category Events % % Cumulative
No intervention (no abuse demonstrated) 96 29.9% 29.9%
Education 44 13.7% 43.6%
Relocation 24 7.5% 51.1%
No intervention (due to external factors) 157 48.9% 100.0%
Initially, a correlation of 0.777 was found using the raw data; however, an outlier was identified when
the results were graphed. When this outlier was excluded, the correlation increased to 0.823 (Figure 1),
indicating a significant correlation between these two variables.

pág. 10622
Figure 1: Relationship between the number of reported animal abuse cases in Medellín (X-axis) and the
number of human homicides in the same year (Y-axis). A) The graph shows the trend considering all
districts, with one noticeable outlier corresponding to District 10. B) The graph shows the trend after
removing the outlier, resulting in a more central alignment of the data points.
Corresponding maps were created to spatially represent each case (Figure 2).
Figure 2: Comparative heat maps illustrating the absolute frequency of animal abuse reports and
human homicides in Medellín in 2023. The maps reveal similar distribution patterns, indicating that
both types of events are concentrated in specific areas of the city, suggesting a potential spatial
correlation between these forms of violent behavior.
Discussion and conclusions
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is the most violent region in the world. Despite having less
than 9% of the global population, the region accounts for 33% of all recorded homicide cases. With an

pág. 10623
annual homicide rate of 24 per 100,000 inhabitants, the LAC is more than three times the global average,
six times higher than that of the U.S., and 20 times higher than that of the U.K.. While the LAC remains
the only region where violence levels have remained high and increased since 2005 (Jaitman et al., 2017;
Jaitman & Anauati, 2020), the phenomenon of violence against animals is also complex and has been
understudied, especially in Latin America and the Caribbean. Despite the existence of legal frameworks
that criminalize animal cruelty, there are still very few studies on this issue in these regions. This
research gap makes it challenging to define the factors that contribute to such violence, such as potential
risks, situations that foster violence, motivations, types of cruelty, and characteristics of perpetrators.
Although studies like this one are simple and have limitations, they contribute to a better understanding
of the phenomenon and may help in developing strategies for its prevention and management, and
possibly the creation of early warning systems to prevent other forms of violence in the future.
This study found that 53% (n=170) of the reports were filed by a group of people or a community. When
we inquired with officials from the inspection office about this category in the data records, they
explained that it refers to events reported through social networks, virtual platforms, or phone calls,
where the complainant does not take ownership of the report itself. These reports do not explicitly
request anonymity but fail to provide sufficient information to characterize the complainant’s identity.
Additionally, 1.2% of reports were classified as anonymous, and 0.3% were filed under the category of
"couple." This resulted in a cumulative 54.5% of reports that did not allow for a precise description of
the complainant's profile.
This situation may be due to the fact that in Colombia, citizens often do not report crimes they have
witnessed or experienced. According to the National Administrative Department of Statistics (DANE),
in the latest update of the Citizen Coexistence and Security Survey, 69.8% of Colombians refrain from
filing complaints for various reasons, such as lack of evidence, distrust in authorities, fear of the
implications of engaging in a legal or bureaucratic process, or fear of possible retaliation from the
accused (DANE 2021). In addition, the lack of a reporting culture in Latin America, particularly in
Colombia, is linked to the minimization or disregard of certain crimes and acts of violence. This
phenomenon is also strongly associated with democratic stability, corruption perception, and police
presence. Additional research shows a connection between trust in authorities, particularly the police

pág. 10624
and the justice system, and the willingness to report crimes. Other factors that influence the decision to
report a crime include the victim’s socioeconomic characteristics, such as per capita GDP, educational
level, and relationship with the perpetrator (Bowles et al., 2009; Jaitman et al., 2017; Jaitman & Anauati,
2020; Jones, 2019; Kääriäinen & Sirén, 2011; Murphy & Barkworth, 2014; Soares, 2004; Soares &
Naritomi, 2010; Tarling & Morris, 2010).
While the community shows concern about violence against animals, there is reluctance to engage
beyond the initial report, which complicates the investigation process and hinders a thorough
understanding of the phenomenon of animal violence.
Regarding the remaining reports, citizens assumed responsibility for their complaints, with 13.1%
(n=42) initiated by men and 32.4% (n=104) by women. This is noteworthy because previous studies
have reported higher empathy levels in women when interacting with both humans and non-human
animals (Angantyr et al., 2011; Colombo et al., 2017; Graça et al., 2018; Lockwood, 1999; Martín et al.,
2023; Plant et al., 2019). In Colombia, only one study found that 78.2% of the users at a legal clinic for
animal rights were women (Pérez-Rodríguez et al., 2018).
Of these, 93.8% were in the urban area of Medellín, with the remainder distributed across the five rural
districts (corregimientos) of the city. This disparity may be due to underreporting or other factors that
were not explored in this study, such as cultural aspects, education, and patient awareness. Notably,
32.7% of the animal violence reports originated from the northeastern districts of the city, 22.4% from
the central-eastern district, 20.2% from the northwestern districts, 10.2% from the central-western
districts, 5.6% from the southwestern districts, 2.5% from the southeastern district, and 6.2% from rural
districts.
When observing the distribution of animal violence reports, a similar pattern emerged as with other
forms of violence in the city (Figure 2), such as homicides, thefts, domestic violence, and femicides.
However, this study did not conduct an analysis to establish correlations of this nature, which should be
considered in future research. A strong relationship between neighborhood conditions, such as economic
stress, unemployment, deterioration, and crime, and the incidence of animal cruelty has been
demonstrated. Establishing these relationships could contribute to the development of potential policy
actions to combat animal cruelty and prevent other forms of violence (Reese et al., 2020).

pág. 10625
The literature indicates that cruelty is strongly associated with neighborhood conditions (Burchfield,
2018; Plant et al., 2019; Reese et al., 2020; Warner, 2003). Cruelty tends to be more prevalent in areas
with a higher number of vacant and deteriorating buildings, elevated crime rates (particularly
homicides), fewer construction permits, and a lack of green spaces for recreation (Reese et al., 2020).
These factors suggest potential connections between the physical and social conditions of a
neighborhood and cruelty rates.
Social disorganization theory posits that structural disadvantages in a community, such as poverty and
lack of education and opportunities, weaken social bonds, diminish social control, and reduce consensus
against crime (Warner, 2003). The literature suggests that these factors may contribute to higher rates
of animal cruelty in disorganized areas (Burchfield, 2018; Reese et al., 2020). The weakening of social
bonds and reduced capacity for collective efficacy in these neighborhoods create environments where
cruelty can proliferate, potentially extending to other forms of violence.
In Medellín, social cohesion and collective efficacy are positively associated with disadvantage,
disorder, and violence. This highlights the importance of considering neighborhood conditions when
analyzing animal cruelty, as disorganized and disadvantaged environments may significantly contribute
to the incidence of such phenomena. Understanding and establishing these relationships could be crucial
for developing effective strategies for preventing and managing animal cruelty and other forms of
violence (Cerda & Morenoff, 2008; Doyle, 2016; Escobar, 2012).
Understanding these connections is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies. By
addressing the underlying neighborhood conditions that foster cruelty, it may be possible to reduce not
only instances of animal cruelty but also broader patterns of violence within these communities.
This study is the first of its kind in Colombia, specifically in Medellín. Although the findings are limited,
they contribute to the understanding of violence against animals and its correlation with other forms of
violence, offering potential as an early warning system for prevention and protection of life.
Disclosure statement
The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest was reported by the author(s).

pág. 10626
REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS
Aguirre, J. C., Muñoz López, C. A., & Alarcón Solano, A. (2018). La veterinaria forense: Su función
en la política criminal colombiana en materialización de la Ley 1774 de 2016. Academia &
Derecho, 17, 163-186.
Angantyr, M., Eklund, J., & Hansen, E. M. (2011). A Comparison of Empathy for Humans and
Animals. Anthrozoös, 24(4), 369-377. https://doi.org/10.2752/175303711X13159027359764
Bowles, R., Garcia Reyes, M., & Garoupa, N. (2009). Crime Reporting Decisions and the Costs of
Crime: European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 15(4), 365-377.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10610-009-9109-8
Burchfield, K. B. (2018). The Nature of Animal Crime: Scope and Severity in Chicago. Crime &
Delinquency, 64(14), 1904-1924. https://doi.org/10.1177/0011128717719515
Cerda, M., & Morenoff, J. ( D. (2008). Investigating the Influence of Neighborhood Context on Levels
of Violence in Medellín and Chicago. American Sociological Association.
https://paa2007.populationassociation.org/papers/72030
Colombo, E. S., Crippa, F., Calderari, T., & Prato-Previde, E. (2017). Empathy toward animals and
people: The role of gender and length of service in a sample of Italian veterinarians. Journal of
Veterinary Behavior, 17, 32-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2016.10.010
Contreras-Rojas, D. (2016). Penalización del maltrato animal en Colombia.
https://repository.ucatolica.edu.co/entities/publication/a4236291-5bf4-4041-8ae7-
3f613720bd2f
DANE. (2021). Encuesta de convivencia y seguridad ciudadana (ECSC).
https://www.dane.gov.co/index.php/estadisticas-por-tema/seguridad-y-defensa/encuesta-de-
convivencia-y-seguridad-ciudadana-ecsc
Doyle, C. (2016). Explaining Patterns of Urban Violence in Medellín, Colombia. Laws, 5(1), Article
1. https://doi.org/10.3390/laws5010003
Duran, J. C. B., & Vega, R. J. R. (2017). Justicia y eficacia de la ley 1774 de 2016 en el trato de los
humanos con los animales. Erg@omnes, 9(1), Article 1.
https://doi.org/10.22519/22157379.1012

pág. 10627
Escobar, G. A. (2012). El uso de la teoría de la desorganización social para comprender la distribución
de homicidios en Bogotá, Colombia. Revista INVI, 27(74), Article 74.
Graça, J., Calheiros, M., Oliveira, A., & Milfont, T. (2018). Why are women less likely than men to
support animal exploitation? The mediating roles of social dominance orientation and empathy.
Personality and Individual Differences, 129, 66-69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2018.03.007
Gutiérrez, D. E. A. (2019). El delito de maltrato contra los animales: Una construcción simbólica del
tipo penal a partir de la sociedad del riesgo. análisis jurisprudencial de la ley animalista 1774
de 2016. Nueva Época, 52, Article 52.
Jaitman, L., & Anauati, V. (2020). The Dark Figure of Crime in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Journal of Economics, Race, and Policy, 3(1), 76-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41996-019-
00042-0
Jaitman, L., Caprirolo, D., & Ochoa G., Keefer, P., Leggett, T., Lewis, J. A., Mejía-Guerra, J. A.,
Mello, M., Sutton, H., & Torre, I. (2017). The Costs of Crime and Violence: New Evidence
and Insights from Latin America and the Caribbean. IDB Publications.
https://doi.org/10.18235/0000615
Jones, J. (2019). An Examination of the Factors that Affect Crime Underreporting [University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill]. https://doi.org/10.17615/5qf2-g895
Kääriäinen, J., & Sirén, R. (2011). Trust in the police, generalized trust, and reporting crime. European
Journal of Criminology, 8(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477370810376562
Ley 1774, Pub. L. No. Ley 1774 (2016).
http://www.secretariasenado.gov.co/senado/basedoc/ley_1774_2016.html
Lockwood, R. (1999). Animal Cruelty and Violence against Humans: Making the Connection. Animal
Law, 5, 81.
Martín, A. M., Vera, A., Marrero, R. J., & Hernández, B. (2023). Bystanders’ reactions to animal
abuse in relation to psychopathy, empathy with people, and empathy with nature. Frontiers in
Psychology, 14, 1124162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1124162
Murphy, K., & Barkworth, J. (2014). Victim Willingness to Report Crime to Police: Does Procedural
Justice or Outcome Matter Most? Victims & Offenders, 9(2), 178-204.

pág. 10628
https://doi.org/10.1080/15564886.2013.872744
Pacheco Niño, D. J. (2018). El carácter histórico de la Ley 1774 de 2016. Academia & Derecho, 17,
187-210.
Pérez Rodríguez, A. M., García Flórez, C. M., & Pérez Rodríguez, J. F. (2018). ¿Las mujeres son más
sensibles frente al maltrato animal?: Experiencias entorno a la aplicación de la Ley 1774 desde
2016 hasta 2018. Academia & Derecho, 17, 51-72.
Plant, M., van Schaik, P., Gullone, E., & Flynn, C. (2019). «It’s a Dog’s Life»: Culture, Empathy,
Gender, and Domestic Violence Predict Animal Abuse in Adolescents-Implications for
Societal Health. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(10), 2110-2137.
https://doi.org/10.1177/0886260516659655
Proyecto de Ley 172, Proyecto de Ley 172 de 2015 (2015).
https://comisionprimerasenado.com/proyectos-de-ley-en-tramite/125-por-medio-de-la-cual-se-
modifica-la-ley-84-de-1989-se-modifica-el-codigo-penal-el-codigo-de-procedimiento-penal-y-
se-dictan-otras-disposiciones
Reese L. A., Vertalka J. J., & Richard, C. (2020). Animal Cruelty and Neighborhood Conditions:
Animals : an Open Access Journal from MDPI, 10(11), 2095.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112095
Soares, R. R. (2004). Development, crime, and punishment: Accounting for the international
differences in crime rates. Journal of Development Economics, 73(1), 155-184.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2002.12.001
Soares, R. R., & Naritomi, J. (2010). 1. Understanding High Crime Rates in Latin America: The Role
of Social and Policy Factors. En R. Di Tella, S. Edwards, & E. Schargrodsky (Eds.), The
Economics of Crime: Lessons For and From Latin America (pp. 19-60). University of Chicago
Press. https://doi.org/10.7208/9780226153766-003
Tarling, R., & Morris, K. (2010). Reporting Crime to the Police: The British Journal of Criminology,
50(3), 474-490. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azq011
Warner, B. D. (2003). The Role of Attenuated Culture in Social Disorganization Theory. Criminology,
41(1), 73-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9125.2003.tb00982.x

pág. 10629
World Animal Protection. (2024). Animal Protectión Index.
https://api.worldanimalprotection.org/country/colombia