The purpose of this article was focused on analyzing the adjacent factors related to human rights in women victims of sexual violence in the context of the armed conflict. The quantitative method of descriptive approach was selected under the systematic review technique using the PRISMA guide. As a result, it was obtained that women continue to be instrumentalized in wars, their physical and psychosocial vulnerability persisting in all spheres of life; This being a phenomenon that continues to grow globally given the characteristics associated with political, social and religious structures. As a conclusion, it was identified that, although there are jurisprudential guidelines and policies, these are insufficient and do not protect the human rights of women victims..

Keywords:Human rights, Women, Victims, armed conflict

Derechos humanos en mujeres víctimas de violencia sexual en el conflicto armado: Una revisión sistemática.

RESUMEN

El propósito de este articulo estuvo centrado en analizar los factores adyacentes relacionados con los derechos humanos en las mujeres víctimas de la violencia sexual en el marco del conflicto armado. Fue seleccionado el método cuantitativo de enfoque descriptivo bajo la técnica de revisión sistemática utilizando la guía PRISMA. Como resultados se obtuvo que las mueres siguen siendo instrumentalizadas en las guerras, persistiendo su vulnerabilidad física y psicosocial en todas las esferas de la vida; siendo este un fenómeno que sigue creciendo a nivel global dada las características asociadas a las estructuras políticas, sociales y religiosas. A modo de conclusión se identificó que, si bien existen lineamientos y políticas jurisprudenciales, estas son insuficientes y no protegen los derechos humanos de las mujeres víctimas.

Palabras clave: Derechos humanos, Mujeres, Victimas, conflicto armado

Correspondencia: [email protected]

Artículo recibido 15 octubre 2022 Aceptado para publicación: 15 noviembre 2022

Conflictos de Interés: Ninguna que declarar

Todo el contenido de Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, publicados en este sitio están disponibles bajo Licencia Creative Commons .

Cómo citar: Hernandez-Flórez, N., Arguello Rueda, J. D., Lhoeste-Charris, A., Martinez Gomez, I., Ortiz González, A. L., Orozco Santander, M. J., & González Martelo, V. E. (2022). Human rights in women victims of sexual violence in the armed conflict: A systematic review. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 6(6), 2748-2789. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v6i6.3729

INTRODUCTION

The restoration of rights in human beings has become a highly relevant issue throughout history, as mentioned by Blanco et al (2021). This is how in the evolution of the recognition of rights, various manuscripts were generated with the intention of abolishing slavery and other forms of impairment of human dignity. However, the demonstrations of power, evidenced through wars, ideologies, invasions and conquests, have left an indelible mark on humanity, which in addition to causing havoc at the sociopolitical level, also affect the integrity and dignity of the subjects, in especially to the most vulnerable populations or segments, in which women are included(Campbell et al., 2019).

It should be noted that, in this population, a problem with great affectations is sexual violence generated in the framework of armed conflicts in the world, as indicated byAldave-Orzaiz (2020)considering this as a weapon of war that began to become visible in the 1990s internationally in different regions of Africa, with approximately 200,000 women victims as statedThulin et al., (2020). It also stands out how this aberrant practice became a mechanism used to generate terror and gain control in the most vulnerable communities.(Anania, 2022).

Although for the United Nations, the defense and promotion of Human Rights, in gender issues, lies in promoting equality, as well as eradicating any form of discrimination, it is appreciated how the role of women in society has been characterized by spaces of invisibility, subjugation, exploitation and deficiencies, which limit their fulfillment as a human being, as stated bySantis-Vellojín & Mira-González, (2021). Therefore, being violated in their rights, forgetting that these correspond to all without any distinction as they are inalienable and tend towards the recognition of human dignity, understood as the respect that any subject deserves without any distinction as they affirm.Carrillo et al., (2020). It is necessary to understand and analyze these violations, from a differential gender approach that recognizes the particularities of the violence of which women are victims, especially those that are used as control mechanisms, not only of the bodies, but also of territories and communities, from hegemonic and patriarchal perspectives.

According to,Kreft, (2020)in the case of Colombia, where for decades a high percentage of its inhabitants have had to suffer the consequences of the armed conflict, which has its roots in the struggle for political power, as well as in the purchasing power of the land, with the emergence of groups outside the Law that, in their eagerness for recognition and the need to transmit messages of rejection to the governments in power, have subjected countless women, especially in the most vulnerable regions, including girls, adolescents , mothers, wives, without any distinction, and without recognizing the affectations generated in the subjects by causing the maximum expression of humiliation and violation of their privacy. For all these reasons, sexual violence against women victims of armed conflict has been considered a crime against humanity.(Buitrago-Echeverry, 2021).

In that order, according to the single registry of victims (Registro Único de Víctimas - RUV, 2020), to date there is a victim population of the armed conflict that exceeds 9 million people, of which more than 4 million victims They are women, where approximately 32.2% of the rapes were perpetrated by paramilitary groups, and 31.5% by guerrilla groups. This, in addition to generating terror, increased forced displacement and, in more aberrational cases, the prolonged control of their bodies, as a strategy to control populations and territories, caused by beliefs related to patriarchal culture, where the right to sexuality and women's bodies(Mora-Gámez, 2016).

It should be noted that this practice, characterized by being invisible and silent, with no possibility of being denounced or recognized by the perpetrators at the time of expressing their crimes, added to the misunderstanding of the control bodies, in addition to a society that judges and stigmatizes the victims, to the level of finding the victim guilty for not having resisted or taking her as the cause of the violent act, which causes feelings of guilt in the victims, rejection by their environment and society; as well as continuous threats from their victimizers(Ministry of Health and Social Protection, 2018)

In this sense, the Constitutional Court has recognized that within the framework of the armed conflict, practices, forms and narratives of gender-based violence have been produced and reproduced, which take women as objects within the confrontation, or as channels of control, based on the fact that acts of sexual violence are framed in a context of discrimination and structural gender violence, taking advantage of the situation of inferiority and devaluation to which women have been subjugated within social and cultural practices and forms , normalizing the forms of violence of which they are victims(Tibaná et al., 2020).

As established by theConstitutional Court of Colombia, (2017), in Judgment T-718 of the same year, sexual violence against women is based on a conception of biological inferiority, which has been reproduced in various intersubjective spheres in society, being the highest expression of all forms of discrimination against women. , where "sexual violence is a form of gender violence, not only because women are the most affected, but also because sexual violence is part of a highly discriminatory context against them."

In this context, it is important to highlight, from what was conceptualized by the Constitutional Court, that, in the face of victims of sexual violence in the framework of the armed conflict, not only individual reparation proceeds, to which they are fully entitled due to the victimizing acts , but a new category of collective reparation arises aimed at repairing “those damages suffered by a collective subject. For this reason, the measures that seek reparation for collective subjects must be projected to the community, have a symbolic character or consist of measures of satisfaction.

Likewise, theConstitutional Court of Colombia (2011)in Judgment T-2011 of 2019, it reiterated the nature of a matter of constitutional relevance, in the face of violations of the rights of women victims of the armed conflict, cases in which differential treatment and prevailing constitutional protection are required, recognizing that from international law a differential approach is promoted, based on the recognition of the historical conditions of discrimination based on gender, and therefore, of the different kinds of violence that are inflicted on women just for being women, that it worsens when their helpless circumstances are taken advantage of.

By defining sexual violence in the words ofBustamante & Restrepo (2017)This can be considered as that aggressive behavior that a subject performs without the approval and will of the other person, causing their dominance and control; with the purpose of carrying out the sexual act, thus violating their integrity, their physical, moral and psychological condition, therefore it is a public health problem considered from the organization of the united nations(UN Women, 2016).

Within the framework of international law, some of the obligations of the States aimed at guaranteeing and safeguarding the rights of women are established, from a differential gender approach, finding as the main instrument at the regional level the Convention on the elimination of all forms of discrimination against women (1976), which imposes on States the task of taking all measures aimed at eliminating prejudices and stereotyped roles for men and women, discrimination based on gender and all forms of violence(United Nations Organization, 1979).

Likewise, from the General Recommendations of the Committee for the Elimination of Discrimination against Women, the adoption of preventive and punitive measures is promoted that seek the eradication of all forms of trafficking in women and sexual exploitation, effectively protecting women from all mistreatment and forms of sexual violence and harassment, reducing impunity and maximizing access to justice in real and effective terms, in cases of violation of these rights(United Nations, 2019).

At a global level, from the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, acts of sexual violence are recognized as crimes against humanity, when they are carried out within the framework of strategic, generalized and systematic plans, as a form of control and strategy. of war in the midst of the conflict (or outside of it), recognitions also enshrined in instruments such as the Protocol to prevent, suppress and punish trafficking in persons, especially women and children (2000-2004), of the United Nations General Assembly , resolutions 1820 of 2008, 1888 and 1889 of 2009 and 1960 of 2010 of the United Nations Security Council.

In this sense, just as the International Criminal Court considers the practice in question as a war crime, since it affects the physical integrity and health of the victim, as well as the violation of sexual and reproductive rights, the regional instruments and national, seek to minimize sexual violence and its ravages through the entry to justice entities in a timely manner, also guaranteeing the required care in terms of physical and mental health(Gallegos-Pazmiño, 2020)

Continuing with the analysis of the main affectations in the violation of the human rights of women victims of the armed conflict, it is considered appropriate to recognize life experiences and close gaps that guarantee complaints, timely attention, as well as the restoration of traces and scars that prevent the full enjoyment of rights and decent living conditions. Although an important advance is denoted through the scenarios that promote the clarification of the truth, this being an opportunity to find peace and reconciliation, it is necessary to join efforts to guarantee the restoration and timely enjoyment of their rights.(Mogollon, 2017).

In relation to the above, the National Mental Health Survey (2015) published the existence of significant clinical symptoms in 63% of the population of women victims of the armed conflict, where 33% of them met the criteria for the diagnosis of mental disorders. It is noteworthy that, ten years after the occurrence of the victimizing events, there was evidence of an increase in the severity of the symptoms, reaching 87.7%. What has been expressed shows repercussions of a psychopathological type related to anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder and depression, as well as alterations in functioning in daily life.(Gómez-Restrepo et al., 2016).

Meanwhile, other studies report the great impact that sexual violence can have on the development of the life cycle, specifically causing higher risks of psychiatric disorders, bipolar disorder, panic disorder, and increased major depression in women, as indicated byHernández-Flórez et al., (2012). In other cases, sleep disturbances, night terrors, and affectations in the presence of emotions and the recollection of visual and olfactory memory perceived during the event have been reported. The above evidences brain alterations in the areas of the hypothalamus and the brain stem as mentioned byGarcia et al., (2013). In that order, it is highlighted that victims lacking timely psychosocial attention can increase the experience of the presence of depressive episodes, blockage in their emotions and conflicts in their family nucleus.

What are the main effects of the violation of human rights in women victims in the armed conflict?

METHODOLOGY

The methodology used in the development of this research is a quantitative approach of bibliometric design, which was carried out through the PRISMA statement, which focuses on articulating the systematic reviews of the articles that have been carried out by researchers in the disciplinary field, generating a compilation and synthesis of the state of updated knowledge on the subject. For this, the Boolean equations that generate a greater search spectrum were used in a precise way, taking into account the variables stipulated in the study and through which three categories of analysis were generated: violation of human rights, sexual violence, and victimology. in the context of the armed conflict(Grijalva et al., 2019).

The sampling unit was made up of 52 scientific articles that presented the results of research advances on the subject of human rights in women victims of the armed conflict. With which, the updated documentation was consolidated taking the last five years as an observation window, reflecting the contributions from scientific evidence and contributions to science.

Inclusion criteria

Studies that included the variables of female victims and the intersection with the framework of the armed conflict were selected, taking into account the publications in Spanish and English that were carried out from 2018 to 2022. Quantitative and qualitative studies were included that generated report of results in indexed journals.

Exclusion criteria

Studies that had been published as book chapters, medical reports, gray article reviews, case studies, clinical cases, and investigations that did not include the operationalization of the two study variables were excluded, and results that were outside the range were discarded. the observation window.

search strategy

The search for information was carried out in scientific databases that within the repositories that included the operationalization of the variables, filtering the information, by observation windows, study typologies and the publications that describe in a specific way. clear the contributions within each study taking into account the information related to human rights and women victims in the armed conflict.

Table 1. Information search terms

Human rights and women and victims or sex offenses and violence not men and armed conflicts and Conflict-related or womans and crime victims or victimizing not children and woman or sexual violence or offenses not review literature and sex or victimizer and female or humans. Vulnerability human and womans or victimizations and sex or armed and sexual violence not topic and human rights and womens or violence and discrimination or affect and independence struggles or combat not suicide missions and related or humanitarian law not needs and women and violated or protected not activist. Situations and women and conflict or human and rights not girls and violence gender or including and sex not reproductive and predominantly and women or human rights not peacebuilding and sexual violence and gender or process not adapted.

The Boolean equations approach was carried out, which served to specify the search in databases such as web of science, pubmed, and elservier, which were used by means of Boolean operators, which are observed more widely in Table 2, then the documents containing the studied variables were selected.

Table 2

search equations

Databases	Equations in the database
web of science	Human rights and women and victims or sex offenses and violence not men and armed conflicts and Conflict-related or womans and crime victims or victimizing not children and woman or sexual violence or offenses not review literature and sex or victimizer and female or humans violence gender or including and sex not reproductive and predominantly and women or human rights not peacebuilding and sexual violence and gender or process not adapted.
pubmed	Vulnerability human and womans or victimizations and sex or armed and sexual violence not topic and human rights and womens or violence and discrimination or affect and independence struggles or combat not suicide missions Conflict-related or womans and crime victims or victimizing not children and woman or sexual violence or offenses not review literature or situations and women and conflict or human and rights not girls or womans and crime victims or victimizing not children and woman or sexual violence or offenses not review literature and sex or victimizer and female or humans.
elservier	human rights and womens or violence and discrimination or affect and independence struggles and women and violated or protected not activist. and violence gender or including and sex not reproductive and human rights and women and victims or sex offenses and violence not men and armed conflicts and Conflict-related or womans and crime victims or victimizing not children

Selection of studies

The selected studies were obtained from the selected databases through the criteria of compliance of the variables operationalized in the studies that have been carried out in the last five years, taking into account that they were found in full text and under the licenses of copyright, in the same way the investigations that do not comply with the variables and the population object of the search were eliminated, based on the investigative advances that have been carried out by the academic community.

Table 3.

Search term crossovers in databases

Crosses/databases	web of science	pubmed	elservier	Total
“Human rights” and “women” and “victims” or “sex offenses” and “violence” not “men”	4322	1784	2778	8884
“Vulnerability human” and “womans” or “victimizations” and “sex” or “armed” and “sexual violence” not “topic”	2056	2621	1034	5711
“violence gender” or “including” and “sex” not “reproductive” and “human rights” and “women” and “victims” or “sex offenses”	1745	1934	1378	5057
Total	8,123	6,339	5,190	19,652

Data extraction

Table No. 4

Item identification, removal and selection process

Equation	Databases	Unfiltered	No access	Reviews/ incomplete/ duplicates	do not comply Criteria	Selection
“Human rights” and “women” and “victims” or “sex offenses” and “violence” not “men”	web of science pubmed elservier	8884	7218	6328	5414	22
“Vulnerability human” and “womans” or “victimizations” and “sex” or “armed” and “sexual violence” not “topic”	web of science pubmed elservier	5711	4219	3874	3427	19
“violence gender” or “including” and “sex” not “reproductive” and “human rights” and “women” and “victims” or “sex offenses”	web of science pubmed elservier	5057	4891	3647	2856	eleven
Total		19652	16,328	13,849	11,697	52

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Sexual violence against women due to the armed conflict has included girls, adolescents, adult women and older adults, a situation that has generated analysis from the narratives that allow visualizing the psychological, physical and psychosocial sequelae in the victims of this crime and their forms of violence. In this sense, the damages caused have begun to become visible and are becoming relevant from disciplinary fields of action such as law, psychology, social and human sciences, which are committed to the study of behavior, causes and consequences at a psychological level, as well as the restoration of their rights in the context of coping with situations of violence experienced(Masson et al., 2019). Therefore, part of the analysis raised focuses on the comprehensive reparation of women victims who have been affected in their human rights, through these forms of violence widely used as control tools in the framework of the internal armed conflict, where each State has the obligation to provide aid, humanitarian attention, comprehensive reparation and guarantee for the enjoyment of rights, through the measures provided to compensate the damage suffered, through a comprehensive and differential approach that is condensed in psychosocial care as established in the resolution 4886 of 2018, through which the National Mental Health Policy was adopted, in which the prioritized actions and approaches of the Colombian State are reflected, to respond to public problems in the matter, and in which, in turn,Faced with sexual and gender-based violence, it recognizes its specificity, the ways in which human dignity is undermined, and plans the need for actions without harm that seek guarantees of non-repetition and satisfaction on the part of the victims, beyond punitive measures. as to the punishment of his aggressors(Basar et al., 2019).

From the contributions of psychology on the subject of sexual violence, it has been possible to identify that this is a growing phenomenon due to the receipt and increase in requests for psychological assistance to victims of this crime, within which identified that the pathologies present in the victims are comorbidly related between anxiety, depression and post-traumatic stress disorder, mainly, as well as the appearance in some cases of episodes of bipolar disorders, in their manic states where there is a greater presence of euphoria and irritability that leads to the appearance of suicidal ideation; In this same scenario, during the depressive episode, they present less behavioral inhibition within the central nervous system and a greater appearance of a suicidal structure.(Daruwalla et al., 2019).

For its part, victimology from its work facilitates the analysis of the characteristics from the victims, finding in them the presence of a highly vulnerable population, with unsatisfied basic needs and victimological profiles associated with conditions of poverty, social exclusion, low educational rates and a strong tendency to perpetrate criminal acts from rural areas with a higher prevalence than urban ones. Placing in this context the conditions that generate greater processes of exclusion, affronts and impairments to human dignity and the constant violation of procedural and substantial guarantees of human rights(Htun & Jensenius, 2020)

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study selection process

#	Authors and year of study	Qualification	Country	Data collection Location	study instruments	methodological procedure	Prevalence of sexual violence	contributions
1	(Ellsberg et al., 2021)	“If You Are Born a Girl in This Crisis, You Are Born a Problem”: Patterns and Drivers of Violence Against Women and Girls in Conflict-Affected South Sudan	USA	South Sudan	Focus groups and interviews	n=500	Sexual, gender violence. physical, couple and armed conflict	Sexual abuse and violence within marriage, little respect for women's rights
two	(Green et al., 2022)	“Most of the cases are very similar.”:Documenting and corroborating conflict-related sexual violence affecting Rohingya refugees	USA	bangladesh	Observation and interviews	N=26 interviews with health workers who worked with refugees	Sexual violence, cultural pressure and armed conflict	Conflict-related sexual violence
3	(De Oliveira Araujo et al., 2019)	Prevalence of sexual violence among refugees: a systematic review	Brazil	globally	Systematic review of existing data	Records and reports of women of any age who are victims of sexual violence	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Prevalence of sexual violence
4	(Murphy et al., 2021)	Risk and protective factors for GBV among women and girls living in humanitarian setting: systematic review protocol	USA	globally	Interviews and evaluation through the GRADE system	Records and reports of women and girls in conflict or humanitarian situations settings.	Gender violence and armed conflict	Risk and protective factors associated with gender violence
5	(Mannell et al., 2021)	A Qualitative Study of Women's Lived Experiences of Conflict and Domestic Violence in Afghanistan	England	Kabul, Afghanistan	observation and research	20 interviews with women located in safe houses due to domestic violence	Sexual, gender, domestic violence and armed conflict	Domestic violence and conflict
6	(Melendez et al., 2018).	Peace processes in Colombia: human rights and victim families of the armed conflict	Colombia	Colombia	Focus groups and interviews	Family nuclei victims of the conflict	Violence and armed conflict	violation of rights rights of individuals as victims of violence
7	(Edstrom & Dolan, 2018)	Breaking the Spell of Silence: Collective Healing as Activism among Refugee Male Survivors of Sexual Violence in Uganda	USA	Uganda	interviews	N= 40 Men belonging to different associations	Sexual violence and armed conflict	sexual violence against men
8	(Webster et al., 2019).	Conflict, Peace, and the Evolution of Women's Empowerment	USA	globally	data observation	Records and reports of Women for Political Empowerment	Violence and armed conflict	Opportunities for influence of women in society
9	(Simalchik, 2021).	Disrupting Legacies of Trauma: Interdisciplinary HHR_final_logo_alone.indd 1 10/19/15 10:53 AM Interventions for Health and Human Rights	Canada	globally	Interviews and case studies	Records and reports of women victims of massive psychosocial violence	Violence and armed conflict	Mass violence and psychosocial trauma
10	(Buitrago-Echeverry, 2021)	Empowerment and resistance of displaced women victims of the conflict Colombian armed forces from the Pinar del Río neighborhood (Barranquilla)1	Colombia	Colombia	Focus groups and interviews	N= 21 interviews conducted with the women who decided to make their story known.	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	sexual violence, enslavement to do domestic work, recruitment of minors
eleven	(Meagher et al., 2021).	Exploring the role of gender and women in the political economy of health in armed conflict: a narrative review	England	globally	Observation and review of data	Records and reports of women who have suffered violence in the conflict	Gender violence and armed conflict	Social aspects in the armed conflict
12	(Capasso et al., 2021)	Factors associated with experiencing sexuality violence among female gender-based violence survivors in conflict-afflicted eastern Ukraine	USA	Ukraine	Descriptive analysis and logistic regressions	No. = 8525 Women From 15 to 49 years	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	Sexual and gender violence in survivors of the armed conflict
13	(Shako & Kalsi, 2019)	Forensic observations and recommendations on sexual and gender based violence in Kenya	USA	Kenya	Observation and use of state data	Records and experiences of women victims of the conflict	Gender and sexual violence and armed conflict	Sexual and gender violence during the armed conflict
14	(Moncayo et al., 2021)	Gender, mental health and resilience in armed conflict: listening to life stories of internally displaced women in Colombia	England	Colombia	Evaluation, research, PAR method	Records and reports of women victims of the conflict	Gender violence and armed conflict	Mental health and well-being from lived experiences
fifteen	(Mootz et al., 2018)	Gender-Based Violence and Armed Conflict: A Community- Informed Socioecological Conceptual Model From Northeastern Uganda	United States	Uganda	Focus groups and interviews	N=34 women and girls N=43 male victims of the conflict	Gender violence and armed conflict	Well-being and lifestyles affected by the armed conflict and gender violence
16	(Hossain et al., 2020)	Gender-based violence and its association with mental health among Somali women in a Kenyan refugee camp: a latent class analysis	England	Kenya	observation and interview	N= 209 Women affected by violence	Gender violence and armed conflict	Gender violence is related to mental health problems
17	(Olmos-pinzo et al., 2022)	Health perceptions among victims in post- accord Colombia: Focus groups in a province affected by the armed conflict	Colombia	Colombia	Focus groups and interviews	N=36 between women and men victims of the conflict	Armed conflict	Repercussions of the conflict on the health of the victims
18	(Smeltzer et al., 2018)	Human rights in war: on the entangled foundations of the 1949 Geneva conventions	USA	globally	Review of existing data	Records and reports of men and women victims of the armed conflict	Armed conflict	Human rights in the armed conflict
19	(Jimenez et al., 2022)	Emotional Intelligence and Women's Coping Strategies Displaced Victims of the Armed Conflict	Colombia	Colombia	TMMS-24. BREEDING.	N= 151 women from the municipality of La Jagua de Ibirico	Armed conflict	Impact of forced displacement on mental health
twenty	(Osorio et al., 2018)	Women as victims of the armed conflict In colombia	Colombia	Colombia	Existing studies and state data	Records and reports of women who have suffered violence in the conflict	Gender violence and armed conflict	Influence of the armed conflict on women
twenty-one	(Sierra-zamora, 2019)	The protection of Human Rights in post-war situations: the case Colombian	Colombia	Colombia	Observation and data analysis	Records and reports on the armed conflict in men and women	Armed conflict	Armed conflict and social inequalities
22	(Tamayo et al., 2019.)	The violence you live on thousand ways: Voices of women victims of sexual violence in the armed conflict of Carmen de Bolívar - Caribbean Region, Colombia	Colombia	Colombia	Observation and statistical analysis	No.=34 21 interviews focus group with 13 victims	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	social reconstruction
23	(Quesada-Gayoso, 2019)	Sexual violence in armed conflicts under the Law Criminal and International Law	Peru	Peru	Interviews and state data	Records and reports on the armed conflict in women	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Gravity of the crime of sexual violence in the armed conflict
24	(Giraldo-Zuluaga & Muñoz-Villarreal, 2020)	sexual violence in the armed conflict in transition times: department case from Caldas	Colombia	Caldas-Colombia	Study of cases	Records and reports on the armed conflict in children, adolescents and women	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Crimes committed in the armed conflict
25	(Paredes-Mosquera et al., 2018)	Victims of sexual violence in the context of the conflict armed forces in relation to the peace processes in Colombia, 1991 to 2017	Colombia	Colombia	Observation and case study	Records and reports on the armed conflict in women	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Relationship between the armed conflict and sexual violence
26	(Atencio-Gomez, 2020)	The rights of women victims of the conflict Colombian armed	Colombia	Colombia	Interviews and statistical analysis	Records and reports on women's rights	Gender violence and armed conflict	Human rights in women victims of sexual abuse
27	(Murray et al., 2021)	Measuring sexual violence stigma in humanitarian contexts: assessment of scale psychometric properties and validity with female sexual violence survivors from Somalia and Syria	United States	Syria	Exploratory factor analysis and DIF items	N= 209 female survivors of sexual violence	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	Discrimination against women victims of sexual violence
28	(Rentería-Ramos et al., 2019)	Morbi-Mortality of the Victims of Internal Conflict and Poor Population in the Risaralda Province, Colombia	Colombia	Risaralda-Colombia	surveys	Database records in women	Sexual violence and armed conflict	State of health of populations victims of the armed conflict
29	(Calderon-Robledo, 2018).	Women victims of sexual violence, their right to reparation in the process of transition of the Law of Justice and Peace in the El Placer Inspection, department of Putumayo, 2010-20151	Colombia	Putumayo-Colombia	Study of cases	N= 7 Women victims of the conflict located in the ptumayo	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	Restitution of rights in women victims of sexual violence
30	(Zapata Serna et al., 2021)	Women victims of the armed conflict. Analysis of your repair in the framework of Law 1448 of 2011	Colombia	Colombia	Case study and analysis of existing data	No.=93 interviews 70 women victims of the conflict 13 public officials for reparation of victims and 10 social leaders	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	Reparation for the consequences of the armed conflict with a gender approach
31	(Ellsberg et al., 2020)	No safe place: Prevalence and correlates of violence against conflict-affected women and girls in South Sudan	USA	South Sudan	population survey	N= 2244 interviews with women victims of sexual or physical violence by another	Gender violence and armed conflict	Types of violence suffered by women in times of conflict
32	(Murphy et al., 2020)	Nowhere to go: disclosure and help- seeking behaviors for survivors of violence against women and girls in South Sudan	USA	south sudan	surveys	N= 2244 interviews with women victims of the armed conflict ages 15 to 64	Violence and armed conflict	Revealing experiences in the armed conflict
33	(González-Castro et al., 2021)	Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms Among Polyvictimized Women in the Colombian Armed Conflict: The Mediating Role of Social Acknowledgment	Colombia	Colombia	Interviews and analysis of health data	No.=148 women victims of violence contacted through the NGO	Armed conflict	Psychological consequences of the armed conflict in women
3. 4	(Anderson et al., 2019).	Predictors of posttraumatic growth among conflict-related sexual violence survivors from Bosnia and Herzegovina	Germany	Bosnia and Herzegovina	PTG (Post Traumatic Growth Inventory), (PTSD; Harvard Trauma Questionnaire), (COPE), (Life-Orientation Test-Revised)	n = 104 women and their ability to cope with the armed conflict	Violence and armed conflict	The abilities to face violence and conflict from a perspective of positive reinterpretation
35	(Parra-Barrera et al., 2021)	Protection against Sexual Violence in the Colombian Legal Framework: Obstacles and Consequences for Women Victims	Colombia	Colombia	data interpretation	N= 11 records of legal documents on crimes against Women	Sexual and gender violence and armed conflict	crimes of sexual violence
36	(Anderson & Van Ee, 2020)	Reflective Functioning of Refugee Mothers with Children Born of Conflict-Related Sexual Violence	Germany	globally	Surveys and statistical analysis	N=10 women mothers in the face of regulation and the ambivalence of the conflict	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Raising children born to mothers who are victims of sexual violence
37	(Kreft Petter, 2018)	Responding to sexual violence: Women's mobilization in war	Germany	globally	Interpretation of existing data	N= 7 Women leaders who are part of the armed conflict and review of documents about violence	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Taking action by women in gender inequality and sexual violence
38	(Murphy et al., 2021)	Risk and protective factors for GBV among women and girls living in humanitarian setting: systematic review protocol	USA	globally	Analysis of existing bibliographic data	Review of articles between 1995 and 2020 of children, adults	Armed conflict	Risk and protection complemented with gender violence
39	(Peralta-Jiménez & Urrego-Mendoza, 2020)	Sexual and reproductive health in women victims of the armed conflict	Colombia	Colombia	Review of statistics in databases	N=196 Documents on women victims of the conflict	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Incidence of the armed conflict on sexual and reproductive health in female victims
40	(Lugova et al., 2020)	Sexual and Gender-Based Violence Among Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons in the Democratic Republic of the Congo: Post-Conflict Scenario	Malaysia	Democratic Republic of Congo	Data collection and analysis of current policies	Review of articles associated with women victims of the conflict and gender inequality	Sexual, gender, intimate partner violence and armed conflict	Types of violence and gender inequality due to abuse of power
41	(Luedke & Logan, 2017)	'That thing of human rights': discourse, emergency assistance, and sexual violence in South Sudan's current civil war	USA	South Sudan	Observation and database records	Review and analysis of articles related to women victims of the armed conflict	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Armed groups and their dominance in sexual violence
42	(Woldetsadik et al., 2022)	The enduring consequences of conflict-related sexual violence: a qualitative study of women survivors in northern Uganda	USA	Uganda	interviews	N= 5 Women over 18 years of age victims of the armed conflict	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Effects of the armed conflict on communities
43	(Schmitt et al., 2021)	To add insult to injury: Stigmatization reinforces the trauma of rapeseed survivors – Findings from the DR Congo	Germany	Democratic Republic of Congo	Surveys and data collection	N=1066 women and girls from six communities victims of the armed conflict	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Stigmatization in women victims of sexual violence
44	(Lussy et al., 2021)	Trends in sexual violence patterns and case management: a sex disaggregated analysis in Goma, Democratic Republic of Congo	Democratic Republic of Congo	Democratic Republic of Congo	Observation and comparative analysis of data	N= 1766 subjects linked to the violence of the armed conflict	Sexual violence and armed conflict	Types of sexual violence in men and women

Category analysis

Violation of human rights in the armed conflict

The violation of the Human Rights present in the female victims is configured from the lack of protection of these, the coercion to the free development of the personality, the economic and social inequality, generalized in some cultures such as Arabs and Africans, and through cultural practices persistent within the Colombian national territory, which are reproduced within patriarchal societies of macho behavior[1], these being the main reports found in the review carried out. Likewise, it was identified that sexual violence in the midst of the armed conflict is one of the main axes of violation due to the fact that women are used as an instrument of war and control, which is evidenced in the violation of their integrity and, therefore, therefore, of their sexual and reproductive rights.

An aspect reflected in the analysis of the results of the systematic review indicates that a violation of fundamental rights prevails that are related to receiving comprehensive medical care, quality educational coverage and psychological care in the face of sexual assaults, and even more relevant , the lack of access to comprehensive and transformative justice, which, among other causes, is based on the absence of criminal complaints, due to fear, intimidation and threats against life and integrity. These facts that have been denounced by some victims have affected dignity and constitute difficulties for the restoration of rights, generating omissions and scenarios of impunity, even in cases in which the most backward crimes concur, added to sexual violence,

Sexual violence in the armed conflict

Sexual violence against women in the framework of the armed conflict constitutes an alarming problem, due to the incidence and prevalence of sexual crimes, and the evidence that it has constituted a widely used practice, which is corroborated in high records and number of victims per victimizing act. Likewise, it can be noted that sexual violence is an expression of war, a mode of frequent practice in armed conflict, which brings with it unwanted pregnancies, frequent forced abortions and other types of human rights violations and attacks against integrity. and the body of women, being a tool for the control of communities and territories in certain areas and their inhabitants,

Sexual violence has left scars in the lives of the victims, especially women, who were instrumentalized in the war as an object of exchanges and desires; taken as spoils of war; where their voices have been silenced since the exercise of power of the illegal armed groups in the territory; The truth is that there is no real record of this situation given the fear and fear of many women in denouncing the violent acts experienced in the midst of a conflict that has dehumanized their lives and dignity; demonstrating that the victims do not have the necessary tools for an effective intervention from the psychological point of view, despite being a human right.

Finally; sexual violence in the midst of the conflict is configured as a fact that is difficult to detect and attend to, since the victims are in a high degree of vulnerability and stigmatization in the context of the armed confrontation; In this sense, historically the ideas of power, patriarchy and subjugation of women have contributed to the complex process of recognition, prosecution, attention and reparation. The foregoing shows that there is a state vacuum since the implementation of the public policy of attention to victims of the conflict, under a differential, gender and rights approach.

Victimology of women in the armed conflict.

The armed conflict with respect to women has been established as a mechanism of domination and power, affecting through unequal instruments and practices within the framework of the conflict, which are part of the patriarchal particularities already established in society. This leads to the development of a range of victimizing events, among which are sexual abuse, and where, despite the progress in the conquest of rights, practices such as sexual slavery persist, all of this, related to death, massacres and torture, being procedures and forms of warfare of the groups involved in the armed conflict. citation

One of the binding elements in the victims is the relational fact that women have conditions of psychosocial vulnerability due to the marked presence of conditions of poverty, economic deprivation, previous victimization due to various acts of violence, low educational levels, conditions of inequity of gender and social factors that from the perspective of public health, generate an increase in the precipitating factors to the increase in the rates of sexual violence perpetrated by illegal groups outside the law, it being important to mention that from sexual and reproductive health there are unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases and gynecological trauma in general. citation

In the same way, girls and adolescents who have been victims of sexual violence, from the perspective of mental health, usually present decreased somatic symptoms in the face of the aggression but which over time are exacerbated, presenting pathologies such as depression, anxiety, sleep difficulties, and suicidal behaviors. Likewise, behavioral disorders related to drug and alcohol abuse may occur, as a result of high-risk behavior caused by sexual assault, presenting as consequences the appearance of comorbid problems at the mental level where the most frequent is suicide.

DISCUSSION

The majority of women who have been victims of the armed conflict, show a violation of fundamental and human rights, limiting the opportunities to have recognition within society, due to the minimization and sexual exploitation of which they have been subjected, to the situations caused by the practices of war within the different cultures that present greater affronts against women, constituting an amalgam of conditions for the impairment of sexual freedoms, and in general, of the rights of women, a situation that is taken advantage of by armed actors, to continue committing crimes and exercising control, outside of human rights regulations.

In this way, women who have been violated in the framework of the armed conflict have been exposed to a number of consequences from the psychological point of view that cause a detriment in the conditions of mental well-being as well as in the perceived quality of life. , since the existence of traumas without remission of symptoms and without the professional attention required for these cases, leads to the persistence of adjacent factors being linked to the appearance of new mental illnesses that require a new intervention approach in the area of health, since their exposure is a binding element in the constitution of the chronicity of psychological affectations.

As a result of the above, sexual violence leads to victims within the medium and long-term sequelae may experience aversive situations, cognitive distortions, automatic thoughts that involve the criminal act, because all this was generated against his will. Therefore, the conditions of a psychotherapeutic process with greater chances of success decrease, since it was identified in the systematic review that the mutilations of the genital organs as well as the cutting, sexual slavery and rape by many aggressors, in Through the registered massacres and the commission of homicides, they present greater risks of psychological and social exclusion because their body was used as a weapon of war,

On the other hand, the victims have presented lacerations in their bodies, gynecological complications, presence of sexually transmitted diseases, especially acquired immunodeficiency virus, as well as unwanted pregnancies that trigger feelings of guilt, accusations by society, psychological difficulties , product of the effects related to post-traumatic trauma, which leads to the presence of conditions of self-isolation, distrust and recrimination towards themselves and towards others within the differential behaviors. Added to the above, it is worth mentioning in a fundamental way that in the affective area they generate a rejection of the establishment of relationships that involve feelings, since they relate all the facts with the traumatic event,

CONCLUSIONS

As a result of the aforementioned, it can be concluded that, in terms of human rights in the face of sexual violence against women that has occurred historically, it has been identified that the conditions of discrimination, annulment before society, detriment of dignity and sexual instrumentalization, continue to be present in Arab countries, Asia, Latin America, and particularly Colombia. States that have not provided the guarantees of protection necessary to guarantee the rights of women and strengthen a reparation system that allows them to reintegrate into society, under the structuring of life prospects in the social, economic, educational and psychological.

On the other hand, the effects on mental health continue to increase despite the fact that they are addressed under the guidelines of public policies, a situation that has generated an estimate of the problem based on the testimony of girls and women who have survived the perpetration. of this crime. finding that having been a victim of sexual assault, torture, kidnapping, humiliation, are risk factors that focus on the appearance of mental problems, bringing consequences for comprehensive health, such as suicide, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, as well as the presence of eating disorders and developing behaviors prone to drug and alcohol abuse.

Finally, the most vulnerable women from the psychosocial point of view tend to have a greater tendency to be victims of sexual violence in the midst of the armed conflict, because situations linked to economic, social and psychological deficiencies generate a greater emotional impact. , which is used by the aggressors and perpetrators of human rights violations, who in many cases go unpunished because due and adequate attention is not paid to the surviving victims; some of them do not report due to threats and cultural issues, as observed in the systematization, which happens in Arab countries, where women are used in servile conditions,

RECOMMENDATIONS AND LIMITATIONS

Although the present study did not allow the approximation of the programs and plans related to psychosocial care, psychosocial accompaniment, psychosocial intervention; Yes, it is identified that it is an important line to review, as a starting point in the reorientation of alternatives for the reparation of women victims of sexual violence of the armed conflict, being also a limitation of the present study; however, it allowed the identification of gaps in relation to the constructs related to the link between the variables studied and the dignity of women in synergy with the area of law and psychology.

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ABSTRACT