Impacto del Tiempo Quirúrgico en Complicaciones Postoperatorias y Estancia Hospitalaria en Cirugía Colorrectal: Revisión Sistemática
Resumen
Introducción: El tiempo quirúrgico prolongado se ha propuesto como un marcador relevante de complejidad técnica, exposición anestésica y riesgo perioperatorio en cirugía colorrectal. Su relación con complicaciones postoperatorias y estancia hospitalaria prolongada requiere una síntesis sistemática debido a la heterogeneidad de poblaciones, abordajes quirúrgicos y desenlaces reportados. Objetivo: Analizar el impacto del tiempo quirúrgico en las complicaciones postoperatorias y la estancia hospitalaria en pacientes sometidos a cirugía colorrectal. Metodología: Se elaboró una revisión sistemática siguiendo lineamientos PRISMA, a partir de la bibliografía proporcionada por los autores. Se incluyeron estudios sobre cirugía colorrectal, duración operatoria, complicaciones postoperatorias, dehiscencia anastomótica, íleo, estancia hospitalaria, recuperación mejorada, anestesia y prehabilitación. Se excluyó una referencia no relacionada con cirugía colorrectal, quedando 39 documentos para síntesis cualitativa. Resultados: La evidencia revisada sugiere que el tiempo quirúrgico prolongado se asocia con mayor frecuencia de complicaciones postoperatorias, incluyendo eventos adversos globales, dehiscencia anastomótica, íleo prolongado y recuperación clínica desfavorable. Asimismo, la estancia hospitalaria prolongada mostró una relación multifactorial, influida por complicaciones, recuperación funcional, protocolos ERAS, factores anestésicos, abordaje quirúrgico y determinantes no clínicos. La cirugía mínimamente invasiva, robótica o transanal puede presentar tiempos operatorios más prolongados sin implicar necesariamente peores desenlaces, por lo que la duración debe interpretarse según complejidad y contexto técnico. Conclusión: El tiempo quirúrgico prolongado constituye un marcador clínico útil para estratificar riesgo postoperatorio en cirugía colorrectal. Sin embargo, no debe considerarse un factor causal aislado, sino una variable integrada con comorbilidad, técnica quirúrgica, calidad perioperatoria y recuperación mejorada. Se requieren estudios prospectivos que definan puntos de corte específicos por procedimiento y abordaje.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Katia Bublitz San Roman , Mabel García Calderón , Jorge Antonio Marmolejo Alfaro, Erick Alejandro Mancilla Gómez , Arleth Alemán Gómez , Josmauri Haydee Avilez Velásquez, Emilio Huerta Reza, Regina Rodríguez Aguilera, Vanessa Andrea Maldonado Peña
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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