Respuesta Biológica e Inmune en Juveniles de Tilapia Roja (Oreochromis Mossambicus X O. Niloticus) con Inclusión de Biopolímero Natural en Dieta
Palabras clave:
supervivencia, inmunoestimulante, leucocitos, superóxido dismutasa
Resumen
El uso de bioestimulantes en dietas para peces es de gran interés actualmente. Se evaluó la respuesta inmune y bioquímica en juveniles de tilapia roja (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus), con diferentes niveles: 0 (control), 1, 2, 3, 4 y 5% de suplementación de quitosano en dieta. Se sembraron inicialmente 270 animales, con un peso promedio de 7.53 ± 0.50 g, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar, en 18 tanques=réplicas (tres réplicas/tratamiento). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y una prueba de medias con LSD de Fisher. Los juveniles se alimentaron durante 55 días y se tomaron muestras de sangre a los 56. Se encontró una mejor respuesta en el crecimiento (TCE = 15.2), aprovechamiento del alimento (FCA = 0.76) y supervivencia (SP =100%) cuando se le alimenta 4% de quitosano en dieta (p < 0.05). Los resultados bioproductivos más bajos fueron encontrados en tratamiento control (0% de quitosano). Con respecto a las variables: contenido de leucocitos y actividad antioxidante se encontró mejor respuesta significativamente (p < 0,05) cuando se incluye quitosano en un 3 y 4 % en dieta. Se concluyó que la respuesta bioquímica e inmune juveniles de tilapia roja se favoreció con la inclusión de quitosano en dieta.
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Abdel-Ghany, H. M. and M. E. S. Salem. 2019. Effects of dietary chitosan supplementation on farmed fish; a review. Rev. Aquacult. 12(1): 438-452.
Alishahi, A. and M. Aïder. 2012. Applications of chitosan in the seafood industry and aquaculture: a review. Food Bioproc Tech. 5(3): 817-830.
Al‐Sagheer, A., H. Mahmoud, F. Reda, S. Mahgoub and M. Ayyat. 2018. Supplementation of diets for Oreochromis niloticus with essential oil extracts from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and effects on growth, intestinal microbiota, antioxidant and immune activities. Aquacult. Nutr. 24: 1006-1014.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists International). 2019. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 21st Edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Arun, S. and P. Subramanian. 1998. Antioxidant enzymes in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii during embryonic and larval development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 121(3): 273-277.
Azizoglu, A. and I. Cengizler. 1996. An investigation on determination of some hematologic parameters in healthy Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 20: 425-431.
Biller, J. D. and L. S. Takahashi. 2018. Oxidative stress and fish immune system: phagocytosis and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 90 (4): 3403-3914.
Brum, A., S. A. Pereira, M. S. Owatari, E. C. Chagas, F. C. M. Chaves, J. L. P. Mouriño and M. L. Martins. 2017. Effect of dietary essential oils of clove basil and ginger on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquaculture 468: 235-243.
Esteban, M. A., A. Cuesta, J. Ortuno and J. Meseguer. 2001. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 11: 303-315.
Fadl, S.E., G. A. El-Gammal, W.S. Abdo, M. Barakat, O. A. Sakr, E. Nassef, D. M. Gad and H. S. El-Sheshtawy, 2020. Evaluation of dietary chitosan effects on growth performance, immunity, body composition and histopathology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as the resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Aquac. Res. 51: 1120-1132.
FAO. 2020. FishStatJa tool for fishery statistics analysis, Release 2.0.0. Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Global capture and aquaculture production: Quantities 1950-2018; Aquaculture values 1984-2018. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Fisheries Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. Rome.
Hanington, P. C., J. Tam, B. A. Katzenback, S. J. Hitchen, D. R. Barreda and M. Belosevic. 2009. Development of macrophages of cyprinid fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 33: 411-429.
Harikrishnan R., J.-S. Kim, C. Balasundaram and M.-S. Heo. 2012. Dietary supplementation with chitin and chitosan on haematology and innate immune response in Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi. Exp. Parasitol. 131(1):116-124.
Heo, G. J., J. H. Kim, B. G. Jeon and K. Y. R. J. Park. 2001. Effects of FST-chitosan mixture on cultured rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Korean J. Vet. Public. Heal. 25(3): 141-149.
Hrubec, T. and S. Smith. 2010. Hematology of Fishes. p. 994-1003. In: Weiss, D. J., Wardrop, K. J. and O. W. Schalm´s (Eds). Veterinary Hematology, 6ta Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Lowa, USA.
Jim, F., P. Garamumhango, and C. Musara. 2017. Comparative analysis of nutritional value of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), Nile Tilapia, Meat from three different ecosystems. J. Food Qual. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6714347
Kim, K. W. and R. L. Thomas. 2007. Antioxidative activity of chitosans with varying molecular weights. Food Chem. 101: 308-313.
Lara-Flores, M., M. A. Olvera-Novoa, B. E. Guzmán-Méndez and W. López-Madrid. 2003. Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 216(4): 193-201.
Lin, S-B., S-H. Chen and K-C. Peng.2009. Preparation of antibacterial chito-oligosaccharide by altering the degree of deacetylation of β-chitosan in a Trichoderma harzianum chitinase-hydrolysing process, J. Sci. Food Agric. 89: 238-244.
Mahmoud, H. K., A. A. Al-Sagheer, F. M. Reda, S. A. Mahgoub and M. S. Ayyat, 2017. Dietary curcumin supplement influence on growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 475: 16-23.
Malachy, N. O. A, Pramod, K. P., K. Kumar and P. Nalini. 2017. Assessment of mutagenic, hematological and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in response to sublethal verapamil exposure. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 40(3): 286-294.
Mastan, S. A. 2015. Use of immunostimulants in aquaculture disease management. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud. 2(4): 277-280.
McCord, J. M. and Fridovich, I. 1969. Superoxide dismutase: an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem. 244:6049-6055.
Mehana, E. E., H. A. Rahmani and M. S. Aly. 2015. Immunostimulants and Fish Culture: An Overview. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 5(6): 477-489.
Méndez-Martínez Y., Y. Pérez, D.M. Verdecia, E. Cortés-Jacinto, O.F. Cevallos- Falquez, O. Romero. 2019. Effect of the inclusion of Azolla filiculoides meal on the growth and survival of red tilapia small fish (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus). Cuba. J. Agric. Sci. 53: (2): 289-299.
Méndez-Martínez, Y., Y. G. Torres-Navarrete, Y. Pérez-Tamames, M. Romás-Viltres, E. Cortés-Jacinto (2021). Effect of duckweed meal dietary inclusion on growth performance and survival of African catfish fingerlings. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ) 38: 84-104.
Méndez-Martínez, Y., Y. Pérez, D.M. Verdecia, E. Cortés-Jacinto, O.F. Cevallos- Falquez, O. Romero. 2019. Effect of the inclusion of Azolla filiculoides meal on the growth and survival of red tilapia small fish (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus). Cuba. J. Agric. Sci. 53: (2): 289-299.
Nakanishi, T., Y. Shibasaki, Y. Matsuura. 2015. T Cells in Fish. Biology. 4: 640-663.
Ngo, D.-H. and S.-K. Kim. 2014. Antioxidant effects of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 73: 15-31.
Pérez, R., B. Romeu, M. Lastre, Y. Morales, O. Cabrera, L. Reyes, E. González, S. Sifontes, O. Pérez. 2014. Inmunopotenciadores para la acuicultura TT-Immunepotentiators for the Aquaculture. Vaccimonitor 23(1): 24–31.
Press, C. M. and O. Evensen. 1999. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 9: 309-318.
Sakai, M., Kamiya, H., Ishii, S., Atsuta, S. and Kobayashi, M. 1992. The immunostimulating effects on chitin in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. Asian Aquacult. 1: 413-417.
Sarbon, N. M., S. Sandanamsamy, S. F. S. Kamaruzaman and F. Ahmad. 2015. Chitosan extracted from mud crab (Scylla olivicea) shells: physicochemical and antioxidant properties, J. Food Sci. Technol. 52: 4266-4275.
Soberanes-Yepiz, M. L., Y. Méndez-Martínez, M. U. García-Guerrero, F. Ascencio, J. Violante-González, S. García-Ibañez, E. Cortés-Jacinto. 2018. Superoxide dismutase activityin tissues of juvenile cauque river prawn (Macrobrachium americanum Bate, 1868) fed with different levels of protein and lipid. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 46(3):543–55.
Szwejser, E.,B. M. L. K. Verburg-van, M. Maciuszek, M. Chadzinska. 2017. Estrogen-dependent seasonal adaptations in the immune response of fish. Horm. Behav. 88: 15-24.
Udo, I. U., U. Etukudo and U. I. U. Anwana. 2018. Effects of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles on water quality, growth performance, survival rate and meat quality of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Nanoscience 1(1): 12-25.
Villa-Cruz, V., J. Davila, M. T. Viana and R. Vazquez-Duhalt. 2009. Effect of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and its phytochemical sulforaphane in balanced diets on the detoxification enzymes levels of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutant. Chemosphere 74: 1141-1155.
Zaki, M. A., M. El-S. Salem, M. M. Gaber and A. M. Nour. 2015. Effect of chitosan supplemented diet on survival, growth, feed utilization, body composition and histology of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). World Journal of Engineering and Technology. 3: 38-47.
Zapata, A. G., A. Chibá and A. Varas. 1996. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. p. 61-62. In: Iwama, G., and T. Nakanishi (Eds). The fish immune system: organism, pathogen and environment. Academic Press, Ltd., London.
Zhang, P, J. Iwasaki-Arai, H. Iwasaki, M. L. Fenyus, T. Dayaram, B. M. Owens. 2004. Enhancement of hematopoietic stem cell repopulating capacity and self-renewal in the absence of the transcription factor C/EBP alpha. Immunity 21(6): 853-863.
Ramírez González , J. C. (2022). La Influencia de los Medios de Comunicación en los Juicios. Estudios Y Perspectivas Revista Científica Y Académica , 2(1), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.61384/r.c.a.v2i1.8
Herrera Vargas , C. (2022). Importancia de la aplicacion de los niveles de bioseguridad en contacto con los pacientes. Revista Científica De Salud Y Desarrollo Humano, 3(2), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.61368/r.s.d.h.v3i2.33
Martínez, J. (2023). El Rol Vital de la Formación Permanente en el Crecimiento Profesional de las Enfermeras. Emergentes - Revista Científica, 3(1), 20-37. https://doi.org/10.60112/erc.v3i1.19
Morales Fretes, F. R., & Ramirez Davalos, Y. G. (2023). Experiencia vivida por pacientes en diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria: Estudios de casos en la ciudad Pilar, Paraguay. Sapiencia Revista Científica Y Académica , 3(2), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.61598/s.r.c.a.v3i2.57
Andreou, A. Generative AI Could Help Solve the U.S. Mental Health Crisis. Psychology Today. Available online: https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/the-doctor-of-the-future/202303/generative-ai-could-help-solve-the-us-mental-health-crisis (accessed on 19 August 2023).
Alishahi, A. and M. Aïder. 2012. Applications of chitosan in the seafood industry and aquaculture: a review. Food Bioproc Tech. 5(3): 817-830.
Al‐Sagheer, A., H. Mahmoud, F. Reda, S. Mahgoub and M. Ayyat. 2018. Supplementation of diets for Oreochromis niloticus with essential oil extracts from lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) and geranium (Pelargonium graveolens) and effects on growth, intestinal microbiota, antioxidant and immune activities. Aquacult. Nutr. 24: 1006-1014.
AOAC (Association of Official Analytical Chemists International). 2019. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International, 21st Edition. Gaithersburg, Maryland, USA.
Arun, S. and P. Subramanian. 1998. Antioxidant enzymes in freshwater prawn Macrobrachium malcolmsonii during embryonic and larval development. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. B. 121(3): 273-277.
Azizoglu, A. and I. Cengizler. 1996. An investigation on determination of some hematologic parameters in healthy Oreochromis niloticus (L.). Turk. J. Vet. Anim. Sci. 20: 425-431.
Biller, J. D. and L. S. Takahashi. 2018. Oxidative stress and fish immune system: phagocytosis and leukocyte respiratory burst activity. An. Acad. Bras. Ciênc. 90 (4): 3403-3914.
Brum, A., S. A. Pereira, M. S. Owatari, E. C. Chagas, F. C. M. Chaves, J. L. P. Mouriño and M. L. Martins. 2017. Effect of dietary essential oils of clove basil and ginger on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) following challenge with Streptococcus agalactiae. Aquaculture 468: 235-243.
Esteban, M. A., A. Cuesta, J. Ortuno and J. Meseguer. 2001. Immunomodulatory effects of dietary intake of chitin on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) innate immune system. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 11: 303-315.
Fadl, S.E., G. A. El-Gammal, W.S. Abdo, M. Barakat, O. A. Sakr, E. Nassef, D. M. Gad and H. S. El-Sheshtawy, 2020. Evaluation of dietary chitosan effects on growth performance, immunity, body composition and histopathology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as well as the resistance to Streptococcus agalactiae infection. Aquac. Res. 51: 1120-1132.
FAO. 2020. FishStatJa tool for fishery statistics analysis, Release 2.0.0. Universal software for fishery statistical time series. Global capture and aquaculture production: Quantities 1950-2018; Aquaculture values 1984-2018. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Fisheries Department, Fishery Information, Data and Statistics Unit. Rome.
Hanington, P. C., J. Tam, B. A. Katzenback, S. J. Hitchen, D. R. Barreda and M. Belosevic. 2009. Development of macrophages of cyprinid fish. Dev. Comp. Immunol. 33: 411-429.
Harikrishnan R., J.-S. Kim, C. Balasundaram and M.-S. Heo. 2012. Dietary supplementation with chitin and chitosan on haematology and innate immune response in Epinephelus bruneus against Philasterides dicentrarchi. Exp. Parasitol. 131(1):116-124.
Heo, G. J., J. H. Kim, B. G. Jeon and K. Y. R. J. Park. 2001. Effects of FST-chitosan mixture on cultured rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) and olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus). Korean J. Vet. Public. Heal. 25(3): 141-149.
Hrubec, T. and S. Smith. 2010. Hematology of Fishes. p. 994-1003. In: Weiss, D. J., Wardrop, K. J. and O. W. Schalm´s (Eds). Veterinary Hematology, 6ta Edition. Wiley-Blackwell. Lowa, USA.
Jim, F., P. Garamumhango, and C. Musara. 2017. Comparative analysis of nutritional value of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus), Nile Tilapia, Meat from three different ecosystems. J. Food Qual. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6714347
Kim, K. W. and R. L. Thomas. 2007. Antioxidative activity of chitosans with varying molecular weights. Food Chem. 101: 308-313.
Lara-Flores, M., M. A. Olvera-Novoa, B. E. Guzmán-Méndez and W. López-Madrid. 2003. Use of the bacteria Streptococcus faecium and Lactobacillus acidophilus, and the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae as growth promoters in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture 216(4): 193-201.
Lin, S-B., S-H. Chen and K-C. Peng.2009. Preparation of antibacterial chito-oligosaccharide by altering the degree of deacetylation of β-chitosan in a Trichoderma harzianum chitinase-hydrolysing process, J. Sci. Food Agric. 89: 238-244.
Mahmoud, H. K., A. A. Al-Sagheer, F. M. Reda, S. A. Mahgoub and M. S. Ayyat, 2017. Dietary curcumin supplement influence on growth, immunity, antioxidant status, and resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila in Oreochromis niloticus. Aquaculture 475: 16-23.
Malachy, N. O. A, Pramod, K. P., K. Kumar and P. Nalini. 2017. Assessment of mutagenic, hematological and oxidative stress biomarkers in liver of Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in response to sublethal verapamil exposure. Drug Chem. Toxicol. 40(3): 286-294.
Mastan, S. A. 2015. Use of immunostimulants in aquaculture disease management. Int. J. Fish. Aquat. Stud. 2(4): 277-280.
McCord, J. M. and Fridovich, I. 1969. Superoxide dismutase: an enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). J. Biol. Chem. 244:6049-6055.
Mehana, E. E., H. A. Rahmani and M. S. Aly. 2015. Immunostimulants and Fish Culture: An Overview. Annu. Res. Rev. Biol. 5(6): 477-489.
Méndez-Martínez Y., Y. Pérez, D.M. Verdecia, E. Cortés-Jacinto, O.F. Cevallos- Falquez, O. Romero. 2019. Effect of the inclusion of Azolla filiculoides meal on the growth and survival of red tilapia small fish (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus). Cuba. J. Agric. Sci. 53: (2): 289-299.
Méndez-Martínez, Y., Y. G. Torres-Navarrete, Y. Pérez-Tamames, M. Romás-Viltres, E. Cortés-Jacinto (2021). Effect of duckweed meal dietary inclusion on growth performance and survival of African catfish fingerlings. Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ) 38: 84-104.
Méndez-Martínez, Y., Y. Pérez, D.M. Verdecia, E. Cortés-Jacinto, O.F. Cevallos- Falquez, O. Romero. 2019. Effect of the inclusion of Azolla filiculoides meal on the growth and survival of red tilapia small fish (Oreochromis mossambicus x O. niloticus). Cuba. J. Agric. Sci. 53: (2): 289-299.
Nakanishi, T., Y. Shibasaki, Y. Matsuura. 2015. T Cells in Fish. Biology. 4: 640-663.
Ngo, D.-H. and S.-K. Kim. 2014. Antioxidant effects of chitin, chitosan, and their derivatives. Adv. Food Nutr. Res. 73: 15-31.
Pérez, R., B. Romeu, M. Lastre, Y. Morales, O. Cabrera, L. Reyes, E. González, S. Sifontes, O. Pérez. 2014. Inmunopotenciadores para la acuicultura TT-Immunepotentiators for the Aquaculture. Vaccimonitor 23(1): 24–31.
Press, C. M. and O. Evensen. 1999. The morphology of the immune system in teleost fishes. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 9: 309-318.
Sakai, M., Kamiya, H., Ishii, S., Atsuta, S. and Kobayashi, M. 1992. The immunostimulating effects on chitin in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Dis. Asian Aquacult. 1: 413-417.
Sarbon, N. M., S. Sandanamsamy, S. F. S. Kamaruzaman and F. Ahmad. 2015. Chitosan extracted from mud crab (Scylla olivicea) shells: physicochemical and antioxidant properties, J. Food Sci. Technol. 52: 4266-4275.
Soberanes-Yepiz, M. L., Y. Méndez-Martínez, M. U. García-Guerrero, F. Ascencio, J. Violante-González, S. García-Ibañez, E. Cortés-Jacinto. 2018. Superoxide dismutase activityin tissues of juvenile cauque river prawn (Macrobrachium americanum Bate, 1868) fed with different levels of protein and lipid. Lat. Am. J. Aquat. Res. 46(3):543–55.
Szwejser, E.,B. M. L. K. Verburg-van, M. Maciuszek, M. Chadzinska. 2017. Estrogen-dependent seasonal adaptations in the immune response of fish. Horm. Behav. 88: 15-24.
Udo, I. U., U. Etukudo and U. I. U. Anwana. 2018. Effects of chitosan and chitosan nanoparticles on water quality, growth performance, survival rate and meat quality of the African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Nanoscience 1(1): 12-25.
Villa-Cruz, V., J. Davila, M. T. Viana and R. Vazquez-Duhalt. 2009. Effect of broccoli (Brassica oleracea) and its phytochemical sulforaphane in balanced diets on the detoxification enzymes levels of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) exposed to a carcinogenic and mutagenic pollutant. Chemosphere 74: 1141-1155.
Zaki, M. A., M. El-S. Salem, M. M. Gaber and A. M. Nour. 2015. Effect of chitosan supplemented diet on survival, growth, feed utilization, body composition and histology of seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). World Journal of Engineering and Technology. 3: 38-47.
Zapata, A. G., A. Chibá and A. Varas. 1996. Cells and tissues of the immune system of fish. p. 61-62. In: Iwama, G., and T. Nakanishi (Eds). The fish immune system: organism, pathogen and environment. Academic Press, Ltd., London.
Zhang, P, J. Iwasaki-Arai, H. Iwasaki, M. L. Fenyus, T. Dayaram, B. M. Owens. 2004. Enhancement of hematopoietic stem cell repopulating capacity and self-renewal in the absence of the transcription factor C/EBP alpha. Immunity 21(6): 853-863.
Ramírez González , J. C. (2022). La Influencia de los Medios de Comunicación en los Juicios. Estudios Y Perspectivas Revista Científica Y Académica , 2(1), 27-50. https://doi.org/10.61384/r.c.a.v2i1.8
Herrera Vargas , C. (2022). Importancia de la aplicacion de los niveles de bioseguridad en contacto con los pacientes. Revista Científica De Salud Y Desarrollo Humano, 3(2), 31-46. https://doi.org/10.61368/r.s.d.h.v3i2.33
Martínez, J. (2023). El Rol Vital de la Formación Permanente en el Crecimiento Profesional de las Enfermeras. Emergentes - Revista Científica, 3(1), 20-37. https://doi.org/10.60112/erc.v3i1.19
Morales Fretes, F. R., & Ramirez Davalos, Y. G. (2023). Experiencia vivida por pacientes en diálisis peritoneal domiciliaria: Estudios de casos en la ciudad Pilar, Paraguay. Sapiencia Revista Científica Y Académica , 3(2), 92-110. https://doi.org/10.61598/s.r.c.a.v3i2.57
Andreou, A. Generative AI Could Help Solve the U.S. Mental Health Crisis. Psychology Today. Available online: https://www.psychologytoday.com/au/blog/the-doctor-of-the-future/202303/generative-ai-could-help-solve-the-us-mental-health-crisis (accessed on 19 August 2023).
Publicado
2024-03-22
Cómo citar
Mosquera Ponce, J. D. C., & Muñoz Pinela, A. G. (2024). Respuesta Biológica e Inmune en Juveniles de Tilapia Roja (Oreochromis Mossambicus X O. Niloticus) con Inclusión de Biopolímero Natural en Dieta. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(1), 7863-7881. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i1.10112
Número
Sección
Ciencias de la Salud
Derechos de autor 2024 Janeth Del Carmen Mosquera Ponce, Abel Guillermo Muñoz Pinela
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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