Bioplásticos y su impacto ambiental: producción a partir de fuentes renovables y comparación con plásticos convencionales
Palabras clave:
contaminación, almidón, celulosa, sustitutos, industria
Resumen
La contaminación plástica se ha convertido en un serio problema medioambiental a causa del incremento en la generación y acumulación de plásticos provenientes del petróleo. En este contexto, los bioplásticos se han presentado como una opción sustentable, dado que se fabrican a partir de recursos renovables como el almidón, la celulosa y el ácido poliláctico (PLA). Este estudio analiza investigaciones recientes con el propósito de evaluar la viabilidad de los bioplásticos como sustitutos de los polímeros tradicionales, considerando su impacto ambiental, propiedades y aplicaciones industriales. Para ello, se recopilaron datos a través de bases científicas reconocidas como Scopus, ScienceDirect y SpringerLink, priorizando publicaciones entre 2020 y 2025. Se escogieron investigaciones con validación experimental entorno a biodegradabilidad, ciclo de vida y procedimientos de fabricación de bioplásticos. La información fue organizada en tablas comparativas para resaltar las diferencias clave entre bioplásticos y plásticos convencionales. Los resultados indican que los bioplásticos poseen beneficios en cuanto a biodegradabilidad y disminución de emisiones de carbono, a pesar de que enfrenta ciertos obstáculos como altos costos de fabricación y algunas restricciones mecánicas. Sin embargo, su desarrollo continúa, recalcando la relevancia de optimizar su producción y expandir su aplicación disminuyendo el impacto ecológico de los plásticos convencionales.
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Abotbina, W., Sapuan, S. M., Sultan, M. T. H., Alkbir, M. F. M., & Ilyas, R. A. (2021). Development and Characterization of Cornstarch-Based Bioplastics Packaging Film Using a Combination of Different Plasticizers. Polymers, 13(20), 3487. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym13203487
Adamcová, D., Zloch, J., Brtnický, M., & Vaverková, M. D. (2019). Biodegradation/Disintegration of Selected Range of Polymers: Impact on the Compost Quality. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27(4), 892–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01393-3
Ali, W., Ali, H., Gillani, S., Zinck, P., & Souissi, S. (2023). Polylactic acid synthesis, biodegradability, conversion to microplastics and toxicity: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(3), 1761–1786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01564-
Arbeláez, F., Betancur, D., Correa, P., & Espeleta, C. (2024). Estudio comparativo de las propiedades mecánicas de concretos modificados con residuos plásticos granulados y no granulados. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 40(1), 543–552.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.54682
Bagnani, M., Peydayesh, M., Knapp, T., Appenzeller, E., Sutter, D., Kränzlin, S., Gong, Y., Wehrle, A., Greuter, S., Bucher, M., Schmid, M., & Mezzenga, R. (2024). From Soy Waste to Bioplastics: Industrial Proof of Concept. Biomacromolecules, 25(3), 2033–2040.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01416
Bianco, C., Isso, F., & Moskat, M. (2021). Plásticos en América Latina. In Taller ecologista.
Bracciale, M. P., De Gioannis, G., Falzarano, M., Muntoni, A., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Rossi, A., Sarasini, F., Tirillò, J., & Zonfa, T. (2024). Disposable Mater-Bi® bioplastic tableware: Characterization and assessment of anaerobic biodegradability. Fuel, 355, 129361. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2023.129361
Brizga, J., Hubacek, K., & Feng, K. (2020). The Unintended Side Effects of Bioplastics: Carbon, Land, and Water Footprints. One Earth, 3(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.016
Campozano, I. R., & Riera, M. A. (2022). Ácido Poliláctico, Una Revisión De Los Métodos De Producción Y Sus Aplicaciones. Publicaciones de Ciencias y Tecnologías, 16(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6908007
Casas, Y., Fuquen, L., Ramírez, D., & Gómez, A. (2022). Avances en biotecnología ambiental: Biorremediación de plásticos. Investigación, Innovación, Ingeniería, 4(2), 89–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24267/23462329.939
Centro de Actividad Regional Para el Consumo y la Producción Sostenible. (2020). Los aditivos tóxicos del plástico y la economía circular.
Chen, C., Ng, D. Y. W., & Weil, T. (2020). Polymer bioconjugates: Modern design concepts toward precision hybrid materials. Progress in Polymer Science, 105, 101241.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101241
Chen, W.-Q., Ciacci, L., Sun, N.-N., & Yoshioka, T. (2020). Sustainable cycles and management of plastics: A brief review of RCR publications in 2019 and early 2020. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 159, 104822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.10482
Consultancy, E. (2023). Polylactic Acid Market by End-Use Industry and Region – Global Trends and Forecast 2022 to 2029. https://exactitudeconsultancy.com/es/reports/10378/polylactic-acid-market
Colzi, I., Renna, L., Bianchi, E., Castellani, M. B., Coppi, A., Pignattelli, S., Loppi, S., & Gonnelli, C. (2022). Impact of microplastics on growth, photosynthesis and essential elements in Cucurbita pepo L. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 423, 127238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127238
da Silva Fernandes, F. A., Serra, J. C. V., de Oliveira Costa, D. do S., & Martin, C. A. G. (2023). Production of Biodegradable Polymeric Composites with the Addition of Waste. Materials, 16(18), 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186305
David, A., Otero, P., Mary, R., & Guevara, B. (2021). Alternativa Verde: Bioplásticos Elaborados Con Biopolímeros De Origen Renovable – Revisión. Documentos de Trabajo ECBTI, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.22490/ECBTI.4793
Erenstein, O., Jaleta, M., Sonder, K., Mottaleb, K., & Prasanna, B. M. (2022). Global maize production, consumption and trade: trends and R&D implications. Food Security, 14(5), 1295–1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01288-7
George, A., Sanjay, M. R., Srisuk, R., Parameswaranpillai, J., & Siengchin, S. (2020). A comprehensive review on chemical properties and applications of biopolymers and their composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 154, 329–338.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.120
Henao-Díaz, L. S., Cadena-Casanova, C. L., Bolio López, G. I., Veleva, L., Azamar-Barrios, J. A., Hernández-Villegas, M. M., & Córdova-Sánchez, S. (2021). Obtaining and characterization films of a bioplastic obtained from passion fruit waste (Passiflora edulis). Agro Productividad, II. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i7.2010
Jasso Ibarra, S. L., Aguilera Martínez, Á. G., & Amaya Zapata, N. I. (2024). Bioplásticos: Una Mirada Integral a su Viabilidad y Aceptación en el Mercado de Consumo. Emergentes - Revista Científica, 4(2), 230–246. https://doi.org/10.60112/erc.v4i2.142
Jõgi, K., & Bhat, R. (2020). Valorization of food processing wastes and by-products for bioplastic production. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 18, 100326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100326
Kundu, R., & Payal, P. (2022). Biodegradation Study of Potato Starch-Based Bioplastic. Current Chinese Chemistry, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.2174/2666001601666210419110711
Malik, S., Muhammad, K., & Waheed, Y. (2023). Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry. Molecules, 28(2), 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020661
Navasingh, R. J. H., Gurunathan, M. K., Nikolova, M. P., & Królczyk, J. B. (2023). Sustainable Bioplastics for Food Packaging Produced from Renewable Natural Sources. Polymers, 15(18), 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183760
Naser, A. Z., Deiab, I., & Darras, B. M. (2021). Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review. RSC Advances, 11(28), 17151–17196. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02390j
Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024). Polylactic Acid: Global Trade Data and Market Insights. https://oec.world/es/profile/hs/polylactic-acid
Parashar, N., & Hait, S. (2021). Plastics in the time of COVID-19 pandemic: Protector or polluter? Science of The Total Environment, 759, 144274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144274
Phadke, G., & Rawtani, D. (2023). Bioplastics as polymeric building blocks: Paving the way for greener and cleaner environment. European Polymer Journal, 199, 112453.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112453
Posada, J., & Montes, E. (2022). Revisión: materiales poliméricos biodegradables y su aplicación en diferentes sectores industriales. Informador Técnico, 86(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23850/22565035.3417
Rai, P. K., Lee, J., Brown, R. J. C., & Kim, K.-H. (2021). Micro- and nano-plastic pollution: Behavior, microbial ecology, and remediation technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125240
Ramadhan, M. O., & Handayani, M. N. (2020). The potential of food waste as bioplastic material to promote environmental sustainability: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 980(1), 012082. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/980/1/012082
Ray, U., Zhu, S., Pang, Z., & Li, T. (2021). Mechanics Design in Cellulose‐Enabled High‐Performance Functional Materials. Advanced Materials, 33(28). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002504
Rendón-Villalobos, R., Lorenzo-Santiago, M. A., Olvera-Guerra, R., & Trujillo-Hernández, C. A. (2022). Bioplastic composed of starch and micro-cellulose from waste mango: mechanical properties and biodegradation. Polímeros, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20210031
Riofrio, A., Cornejo, M., & Baykara, H. (2022). Life cycle and environmental impact evaluation of polylactic acid (PLA) production in Ecuador. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 27(6), 834–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02067-4
Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E. C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E. F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J. A., Virdin, J., & Dunphy-Daly, M. M. (2020). Plastic pollution solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment International, 144, 106067.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106067
Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi, I., Goudarzi, V., & Babaei-Ghazvini, A. (2019). Production of starch based biopolymer by green photochemical reaction at different UV region as a food packaging material: Physicochemical characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 122, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.154
Silva, M. L. T., Brinques, G. B., & Gurak, P. D. (2020). Desenvolvimento e caracterização de bioplásticos de amido de milho contendo farinha de subproduto de broto. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 23. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.32618
Swetha, T. A., Bora, A., Ananthy, V., Ponnuchamy, K., Muthusamy, G., & Arun, A. (2024). A review of bioplastics as an alternative to petrochemical plastics: Its types, structure, characteristics, degradation, standards, and feedstocks. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.6482
Tan, S. X., Ong, H. C., Andriyana, A., Lim, S., Pang, Y. L., Kusumo, F., & Ngoh, G. C. (2022). Characterization and Parametric Study on Mechanical Properties Enhancement in Biodegradable Chitosan-Reinforced Starch-Based Bioplastic Film. Polymers, 14(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020278
Velghe, I., Buffel, B., Vandeginste, V., Thielemans, W., & Desplentere, F. (2023). Review on the Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) during Melt Processing. Polymers, 15(9), 2047. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092047
Vink, E. T. H., Rábago, K. R., Glassner, D. A., & Gruber, P. R. (2003). Applications of life cycle assessment to NatureWorksTM polylactide (PLA) production. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 80(3), 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00372-5.
WWF. (2021). El costo social del plástico producido solo en 2019 se estimó en US $ 3.7 billones: más que el PIB de India. https://www.wwf.org.mx/?369470%2FEl-costo-social-del-plastico-producido-solo-en-2019-se-estimo-en-US--37-billones-mas-que-el-PIB-de-India=&utm_source
Yuan, X., Wang, X., Sarkar, B., & Ok, Y. S. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates a shift to a plastic circular economy. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2(10), 659–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00223-2
Zambrano-Monserrate, M. A., & Alejandra Ruano, M. (2020). Do you need a bag? Analyzing the consumption behavior of plastic bags of households in Ecuador. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104489
Zuluaga, F. (2023). Algunas Aplicaciones Del Ácido Poli-L-Láctico. Revista de La Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, 37(142), 1–129.
Adamcová, D., Zloch, J., Brtnický, M., & Vaverková, M. D. (2019). Biodegradation/Disintegration of Selected Range of Polymers: Impact on the Compost Quality. Journal of Polymers and the Environment, 27(4), 892–899. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-019-01393-3
Ali, W., Ali, H., Gillani, S., Zinck, P., & Souissi, S. (2023). Polylactic acid synthesis, biodegradability, conversion to microplastics and toxicity: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 21(3), 1761–1786. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-023-01564-
Arbeláez, F., Betancur, D., Correa, P., & Espeleta, C. (2024). Estudio comparativo de las propiedades mecánicas de concretos modificados con residuos plásticos granulados y no granulados. Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental, 40(1), 543–552.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20937/RICA.54682
Bagnani, M., Peydayesh, M., Knapp, T., Appenzeller, E., Sutter, D., Kränzlin, S., Gong, Y., Wehrle, A., Greuter, S., Bucher, M., Schmid, M., & Mezzenga, R. (2024). From Soy Waste to Bioplastics: Industrial Proof of Concept. Biomacromolecules, 25(3), 2033–2040.
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.biomac.3c01416
Bianco, C., Isso, F., & Moskat, M. (2021). Plásticos en América Latina. In Taller ecologista.
Bracciale, M. P., De Gioannis, G., Falzarano, M., Muntoni, A., Polettini, A., Pomi, R., Rossi, A., Sarasini, F., Tirillò, J., & Zonfa, T. (2024). Disposable Mater-Bi® bioplastic tableware: Characterization and assessment of anaerobic biodegradability. Fuel, 355, 129361. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.FUEL.2023.129361
Brizga, J., Hubacek, K., & Feng, K. (2020). The Unintended Side Effects of Bioplastics: Carbon, Land, and Water Footprints. One Earth, 3(1), 45–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oneear.2020.06.016
Campozano, I. R., & Riera, M. A. (2022). Ácido Poliláctico, Una Revisión De Los Métodos De Producción Y Sus Aplicaciones. Publicaciones de Ciencias y Tecnologías, 16(1), 42–53. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.6908007
Casas, Y., Fuquen, L., Ramírez, D., & Gómez, A. (2022). Avances en biotecnología ambiental: Biorremediación de plásticos. Investigación, Innovación, Ingeniería, 4(2), 89–114. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24267/23462329.939
Centro de Actividad Regional Para el Consumo y la Producción Sostenible. (2020). Los aditivos tóxicos del plástico y la economía circular.
Chen, C., Ng, D. Y. W., & Weil, T. (2020). Polymer bioconjugates: Modern design concepts toward precision hybrid materials. Progress in Polymer Science, 105, 101241.
https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2020.101241
Chen, W.-Q., Ciacci, L., Sun, N.-N., & Yoshioka, T. (2020). Sustainable cycles and management of plastics: A brief review of RCR publications in 2019 and early 2020. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 159, 104822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2020.10482
Consultancy, E. (2023). Polylactic Acid Market by End-Use Industry and Region – Global Trends and Forecast 2022 to 2029. https://exactitudeconsultancy.com/es/reports/10378/polylactic-acid-market
Colzi, I., Renna, L., Bianchi, E., Castellani, M. B., Coppi, A., Pignattelli, S., Loppi, S., & Gonnelli, C. (2022). Impact of microplastics on growth, photosynthesis and essential elements in Cucurbita pepo L. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 423, 127238.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127238
da Silva Fernandes, F. A., Serra, J. C. V., de Oliveira Costa, D. do S., & Martin, C. A. G. (2023). Production of Biodegradable Polymeric Composites with the Addition of Waste. Materials, 16(18), 6305. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma16186305
David, A., Otero, P., Mary, R., & Guevara, B. (2021). Alternativa Verde: Bioplásticos Elaborados Con Biopolímeros De Origen Renovable – Revisión. Documentos de Trabajo ECBTI, 2(1). https://doi.org/10.22490/ECBTI.4793
Erenstein, O., Jaleta, M., Sonder, K., Mottaleb, K., & Prasanna, B. M. (2022). Global maize production, consumption and trade: trends and R&D implications. Food Security, 14(5), 1295–1319. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-022-01288-7
George, A., Sanjay, M. R., Srisuk, R., Parameswaranpillai, J., & Siengchin, S. (2020). A comprehensive review on chemical properties and applications of biopolymers and their composites. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 154, 329–338.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.03.120
Henao-Díaz, L. S., Cadena-Casanova, C. L., Bolio López, G. I., Veleva, L., Azamar-Barrios, J. A., Hernández-Villegas, M. M., & Córdova-Sánchez, S. (2021). Obtaining and characterization films of a bioplastic obtained from passion fruit waste (Passiflora edulis). Agro Productividad, II. https://doi.org/10.32854/agrop.v14i7.2010
Jasso Ibarra, S. L., Aguilera Martínez, Á. G., & Amaya Zapata, N. I. (2024). Bioplásticos: Una Mirada Integral a su Viabilidad y Aceptación en el Mercado de Consumo. Emergentes - Revista Científica, 4(2), 230–246. https://doi.org/10.60112/erc.v4i2.142
Jõgi, K., & Bhat, R. (2020). Valorization of food processing wastes and by-products for bioplastic production. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 18, 100326.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2020.100326
Kundu, R., & Payal, P. (2022). Biodegradation Study of Potato Starch-Based Bioplastic. Current Chinese Chemistry, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.2174/2666001601666210419110711
Malik, S., Muhammad, K., & Waheed, Y. (2023). Nanotechnology: A Revolution in Modern Industry. Molecules, 28(2), 661. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020661
Navasingh, R. J. H., Gurunathan, M. K., Nikolova, M. P., & Królczyk, J. B. (2023). Sustainable Bioplastics for Food Packaging Produced from Renewable Natural Sources. Polymers, 15(18), 3760. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15183760
Naser, A. Z., Deiab, I., & Darras, B. M. (2021). Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), green alternatives to petroleum-based plastics: a review. RSC Advances, 11(28), 17151–17196. https://doi.org/10.1039/d1ra02390j
Observatory of Economic Complexity. (2024). Polylactic Acid: Global Trade Data and Market Insights. https://oec.world/es/profile/hs/polylactic-acid
Parashar, N., & Hait, S. (2021). Plastics in the time of COVID-19 pandemic: Protector or polluter? Science of The Total Environment, 759, 144274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144274
Phadke, G., & Rawtani, D. (2023). Bioplastics as polymeric building blocks: Paving the way for greener and cleaner environment. European Polymer Journal, 199, 112453.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2023.112453
Posada, J., & Montes, E. (2022). Revisión: materiales poliméricos biodegradables y su aplicación en diferentes sectores industriales. Informador Técnico, 86(1), 94–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.23850/22565035.3417
Rai, P. K., Lee, J., Brown, R. J. C., & Kim, K.-H. (2021). Micro- and nano-plastic pollution: Behavior, microbial ecology, and remediation technologies. Journal of Cleaner Production, 291, 125240. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.125240
Ramadhan, M. O., & Handayani, M. N. (2020). The potential of food waste as bioplastic material to promote environmental sustainability: A review. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 980(1), 012082. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/980/1/012082
Ray, U., Zhu, S., Pang, Z., & Li, T. (2021). Mechanics Design in Cellulose‐Enabled High‐Performance Functional Materials. Advanced Materials, 33(28). https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.202002504
Rendón-Villalobos, R., Lorenzo-Santiago, M. A., Olvera-Guerra, R., & Trujillo-Hernández, C. A. (2022). Bioplastic composed of starch and micro-cellulose from waste mango: mechanical properties and biodegradation. Polímeros, 32(3). https://doi.org/10.1590/0104-1428.20210031
Riofrio, A., Cornejo, M., & Baykara, H. (2022). Life cycle and environmental impact evaluation of polylactic acid (PLA) production in Ecuador. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 27(6), 834–848. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-022-02067-4
Schmaltz, E., Melvin, E. C., Diana, Z., Gunady, E. F., Rittschof, D., Somarelli, J. A., Virdin, J., & Dunphy-Daly, M. M. (2020). Plastic pollution solutions: emerging technologies to prevent and collect marine plastic pollution. Environment International, 144, 106067.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106067
Shahabi-Ghahfarrokhi, I., Goudarzi, V., & Babaei-Ghazvini, A. (2019). Production of starch based biopolymer by green photochemical reaction at different UV region as a food packaging material: Physicochemical characterization. International Journal of Biological Macromolecules, 122, 201–209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.10.154
Silva, M. L. T., Brinques, G. B., & Gurak, P. D. (2020). Desenvolvimento e caracterização de bioplásticos de amido de milho contendo farinha de subproduto de broto. Brazilian Journal of Food Technology, 23. https://doi.org/10.1590/1981-6723.32618
Swetha, T. A., Bora, A., Ananthy, V., Ponnuchamy, K., Muthusamy, G., & Arun, A. (2024). A review of bioplastics as an alternative to petrochemical plastics: Its types, structure, characteristics, degradation, standards, and feedstocks. Polymers for Advanced Technologies, 35(6). https://doi.org/10.1002/pat.6482
Tan, S. X., Ong, H. C., Andriyana, A., Lim, S., Pang, Y. L., Kusumo, F., & Ngoh, G. C. (2022). Characterization and Parametric Study on Mechanical Properties Enhancement in Biodegradable Chitosan-Reinforced Starch-Based Bioplastic Film. Polymers, 14(2), 278. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14020278
Velghe, I., Buffel, B., Vandeginste, V., Thielemans, W., & Desplentere, F. (2023). Review on the Degradation of Poly(lactic acid) during Melt Processing. Polymers, 15(9), 2047. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15092047
Vink, E. T. H., Rábago, K. R., Glassner, D. A., & Gruber, P. R. (2003). Applications of life cycle assessment to NatureWorksTM polylactide (PLA) production. Polymer Degradation and Stability, 80(3), 403–419. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0141-3910(02)00372-5.
WWF. (2021). El costo social del plástico producido solo en 2019 se estimó en US $ 3.7 billones: más que el PIB de India. https://www.wwf.org.mx/?369470%2FEl-costo-social-del-plastico-producido-solo-en-2019-se-estimo-en-US--37-billones-mas-que-el-PIB-de-India=&utm_source
Yuan, X., Wang, X., Sarkar, B., & Ok, Y. S. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic necessitates a shift to a plastic circular economy. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2(10), 659–660. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-021-00223-2
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Publicado
2025-03-17
Cómo citar
Mena Pástor , P. G., Vaca Ulloa, K. E., & Mena Pástor, J. A. (2025). Bioplásticos y su impacto ambiental: producción a partir de fuentes renovables y comparación con plásticos convencionales. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 9(1), 10318-10334. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i1.16641
Número
Sección
Ciencias Sociales y Humanas
Derechos de autor 2025 Paulina Gabriela Mena Pástor , Kelly Estefanía Vaca Ulloa, Johny Adrián Mena Pástor
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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