Vía Aérea en Trauma Cervical con Paro Respiratorio: Estrategias Críticas para una Intervención Rápida y Segura
Resumen
El traumatismo cervical con lesión medular puede inducir apnea o insuficiencia respiratoria debido a la interrupción de las vías neurales encargadas de regular la ventilación. Este escenario constituye una urgencia crítica que demanda una intervención inmediata, sistemática y fundamentada en pruebas empíricas. El propósito de este estudio fue elaborar un manual clínico exhaustivo para el diagnóstico precoz y la gestión de la vía aérea en pacientes con trauma raquimedular complicado con parálisis respiratoria, teniendo en cuenta tanto el contexto prehospitalario como el hospitalario. Se llevó a cabo una revisión narrativa estructurada, fundamentada en directrices clínicas contemporáneas, literatura recientemente indexada y clasificaciones conforme al sistema GRADE. Se reconocieron indicadores clínicos y predictores de apnea, así como criterios para una evaluación neurológica rápida, así como directrices para la utilización de dispositivos supraglóticos, videolaringoscopios y procedimientos de intubación con protección cervical. Adicionalmente, se examinaron estrategias de capacitación del equipo, distribución de roles, activación de código y aplicación de algoritmos visuales. Se incorporaron componentes del soporte vital avanzado, que abarca la administración de sedantes, relajantes, vasopresores, antibióticos y analgésicos, junto con procedimientos especializados y diagnósticos diferenciales críticos. Los descubrimientos facilitaron la sistematización de una secuencia de intervención clínica que privilegia la oxigenación sin movilizar la columna cervical y prever anomalías en la vía aérea. Las recomendaciones fueron categorizadas según su nivel de evidencia con el objetivo de facilitar su implementación en contextos de alta presión. Este protocolo tiene el potencial de optimizar el proceso de toma de decisiones y los desenlaces clínicos en pacientes con trauma cervical y parálisis respiratoria.
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Derechos de autor 2025 Byron Andres Chamba Lapo , Diana Beatriz Aguirre Urrutia, José Francisco Miranda Bajaña , Francisco Javier Andrade Erazo , Mayra Alejandra Ortega Chiriboga , Edison Patricio Ninabanda Inca

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