Assessment of Key Factors Influencing the Success and Sustainability of Community-Based Ecotourism: Insights from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia
Palabras clave:
community-based ecotourism, CBET factors, structured management, sustainability, Bolivia
Resumen
Community-based ecotourism (CBET) has emerged as a promising sustainable development strategy. This study assesses factors contributing to the success and sustainability of seven CBET initiatives around Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia, based on a proposed conceptual model. Through qualitative interviews and quantitative surveys, five key CBET factors were evaluated: community pride, cooperative structures, local oversight, economic diversification, and external support. Results indicate that cultural and environmental preservation primarily drive CBET participation, fostering community pride and inclusivity. Initiatives with structured management and diversified economies, such as San José de Chiquitos, report high satisfaction and resilience, while those solely reliant on tourism, like Aguas Calientes, face sustainability challenges. Despite the overall success, there remains a disconnect between recognizing non-financial benefits and acknowledging the environmental impacts of CBET. Additionally, business and management skills gaps indicate a need for targeted training. Although government support is limited, partnerships with NGOs have contributed to CBET development in the region. These findings validate the proposed CBET model and highlight the importance of adaptative, external support across diverse cultural contexts. Further research should address how community pride fosters CBET and how communities effectively collaborate with external entities, such as tourism industries and governments.
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Hirami, N. (2015). A Study on the Identity of Wild Birds (Original work published in Japanese). The Galapagos Archipelago, 11, 3–7.
Hirami, N. (2023). Ecotourism Utilizing Regional Resources in Bolivia (Original work published in Japanese). The Galapagos Archipelago, 17, 5–15.
Hirami, N., & Hidalgo Morales, M. R. (2024). Sustainable Community-Based Ecotourism Development Mechanism: Oaxaca and Puebla Cases in Mexico. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(4), 11684–11702. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i4.13334
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Kim, S., Park, E., & Phandanouvong, T. (2014). Barriers to Local Residents’ Participation in Community-Based Tourism: Lessons from Houay Kaeng Village in Laos. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01045. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201045
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F.-H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
Ley de la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas [LCNDPI] (2003). Diario Oficial de la Federación [D.O.F] Abrogada DOF 04-12-2018, Mexico. https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/abro/lcndpi.htm
Lonn, P., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., & Yoshida, S. (2018). Evaluating the Contribution of Community-based Ecotourism (CBET) to Household Income and Livelihood Changes: A Case Study of the Chambok CBET Program in Cambodia. Ecological Economics, 151, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.036
Matiku, S., Zuwarimwe, J., & Tshipala, N. (2020). Community-Driven Tourism Projects’ Economic Contribution to Community Livelihoods—A Case of Makuleke Contractual Park Community Tourism Project. Sustainability, 12(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198230
Medinaceli, A. (2022, September 7). Tourism as a potential engine of sustainable development in Bolivia. Sdsn Bolivia. https://tinyurl.com/tourism-potential-BOL
Mendoza-Ramos, A., & Prideaux, B. (2018). Assessing ecotourism in an Indigenous community: Using, testing and proving the wheel of empowerment framework as a measurement tool. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1347176
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Nampushi, J., & Nankaya, J. (2020). An Assessment of the Maasai Residents’ Views on Tourism in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews, 7(2), 01–11. https://doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2020.721
Nguyen, T. D., Hoang, H. D., Nguyen, T. Q., Fumikazu, U., Vo, T. P. T., & Nguyen, C. V. (2022). A multicriteria approach to assessing the sustainability of community-based ecotourism in Central Vietnam. APN Science Bulletin, 12(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2022.1938
Phuong, N. T. M., Song, N. V., & Quang, T. X. (2020). Factors Affecting Community-Based Tourism Development and Environmental Protection: Practical Study in Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Protection, 11(02), 124–151. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2020.112009
Rumangkit, S., Pratama, Y. A., Khairi, A., & Hadi, A. S. (2024). Unlocking Sustainable Ecotourism: Insights from Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) in Indonesia. Migration Letters, 21(5), 645–657.
Sartika, I., & Wargadinata, E. (2019). The Success Factors of Rural Community- based Tourism in Indonesia. Proceeding ICOGISS 2019: International Conference On Governance Innovation and Social Sciences, 293–301. https://doi.org/10.32528/pi.v0i0.2498
Sonjai, P. N., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M., & Staiff, R. (2018). Community-based ecotourism: Beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503502
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Triarchi, E., & Karamanis, K. (2017). Alternative Tourism Development: A Theoretical Background. World Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v3i1.11198
UNESCO World Heritage Center. (2000, November 30). Noel Kempff Mercado National Park. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/967/
Zielinski, S., Jeong, Y., Kim, S., & B. Milanés, C. (2020). Why Community-Based Tourism and Rural Tourism in Developing and Developed Nations are Treated Differently? A Review. Sustainability, 12(15), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155938
Zielinski, S., Kim, S., Botero, C., & Yanes, A. (2020). Factors that facilitate and inhibit community-based tourism initiatives in developing countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1543254
Armonía Bolivia. (n.d.). Red-fronted Macaw. Armonia Bolivia. Retrieved November 6, 2024, from https://armoniabolivia.org/donde-trabajamos/programa-paraba-frente-roja/
Baloch, Q. B., Shah, S. N., Iqbal, N., Sheeraz, M., Asadullah, M., Mahar, S., & Khan, A. U. (2023). Impact of tourism development upon environmental sustainability: A suggested framework for sustainable ecotourism. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 30(3), 5917–5930. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-22496-w
Coarite, C., & Arteaga Gómez-García, M. (2023, September 19). Community-based tourism initiatives that contribute to the SDGs in Bolivia: Integral Family Community Tourism TICOF and Entrepreneurship Ecological Hostel Chalalán. Multidisciplinary Approaches to Development. International Conference of Sustainable Development (ICSD) 2023, Rome, Italy. https://tinyurl.com/sdgs-bolivia
Dodds, R., Ali, A., & Galaski, K. (2018). Mobilizing knowledge: Determining key elements for success and pitfalls in developing community-based tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 21(13), 1547–1568. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1150257
Đukić, V., & Volić, I. (2017). The Importance of Documenting and Including Traditional Wisdom in Community-Based Ecotourism Planning: A Case Study of the Nature Park Ponjavica in the Village of Omoljica (Serbia). Sage Open, 7(1), 2158244016681048. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016681048
Ginanjar, R. (2023). Community Empowerment in Tourism Development: Concepts and Implications. The Eastasouth Management and Business, 1(03), 111–119.
https://doi.org/10.58812/esmb.v1i03.82
Murillo Zavala, A. M., Cañarte Castro, E. M., & Verduga Toala , M. M. (2025). Malnutrición y deficiencias hematológicas en mujeres en edad fértiles . Arandu UTIC, 12(1), 4480–4494. https://doi.org/10.69639/arandu.v12i1.906
Agrela Rodrigues, F. de A., Grizel Morales, N., Paco Carvajal, R., Velasco Valverde, D., Mayta Cruz, M., Avendaño Endara, E., & Simons Aparicio, C. P. (2025). Desafíos en el Desarrollo Lingüístico y Cognitivo en una Niña con Sordera Profunda: Estudio de Caso de Maria . I+D Internacional Revista Científica Y Académica , 4(1), 65–77. https://doi.org/10.63636/3078-1639.v4.n1.27
Agrela Rodrigues, F. de A. (2025). A Relação entre os Neurotransmissores Excitatórios, como o Aspartato e o Glutamato, e o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH). Ciencia Y Reflexión, 4(1), 2686–2700. https://doi.org/10.70747/cr.v4i1.306
González Coronel , F. A., Veloso Bogarín, J. M., & Gauna Quiñones, C. E. (2025). Impacto de las Nuevas Tecnologías de la Información y Comunicación (TIC) en el proceso de Enceñanza y Aprendizaje del Instituto de Formación Docente-Gral. José Eduvigis Díaz 2024. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 9(2), 6916-6934. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i2.17414
Chicaiza Valle, V. L., Campos Guillén, M. F., Cadena Pasquel, A. P., & Chicaiza Rosero, M. L. (2025). Estrategias para Fomentar la Inteligencia Emocional y Mejorar la Comprensión en el Aula de Primaria. Estudios Y Perspectivas Revista Científica Y Académica , 5(2), 706–735. https://doi.org/10.61384/r.c.a.v5i2.1155
Agrela Rodrigues, F. de A. (2025). A Relação entre os Neurotransmissores Excitatórios, como o Aspartato e o Glutamato, e o Transtorno do Déficit de Atenção com Hiperatividade (TDAH). Ciencia Y Reflexión, 4(1), 2686–2700. https://doi.org/10.70747/cr.v4i1.306
Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Santa Cruz de la Sierra. (2022). Reporte Voluntario Local Santa Cruz de la Sierra (p. 110). Gobierno Autónomo Municipal de Santa Cruz de la Sierra & ONU-Habitat. https://unhabitat.org/sites/default/files/2023/01/santa_cruz_de_la_sierra_2022_es-2.pdf
Guerrero-Moreno, M. A., & Oliveira-Junior, J. M. B. (2024). Approaches, Trends, and Gaps in Community-Based Ecotourism Research: A Bibliometric Analysis of Publications between 2002 and 2022. Sustainability, 16(7), Article 7. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072639
Hirami, N. (2015). A Study on the Identity of Wild Birds (Original work published in Japanese). The Galapagos Archipelago, 11, 3–7.
Hirami, N. (2023). Ecotourism Utilizing Regional Resources in Bolivia (Original work published in Japanese). The Galapagos Archipelago, 17, 5–15.
Hirami, N., & Hidalgo Morales, M. R. (2024). Sustainable Community-Based Ecotourism Development Mechanism: Oaxaca and Puebla Cases in Mexico. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 8(4), 11684–11702. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v8i4.13334
Høyme, M. (2016). Ecotourism in Bolivia, an ethnographical study of ecotourism impacts in Madidi National Park [Master Thesis, University of Agder, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences]. https://tinyurl.com/thesis-Hoyme-Madidi
Kim, S., Park, E., & Phandanouvong, T. (2014). Barriers to Local Residents’ Participation in Community-Based Tourism: Lessons from Houay Kaeng Village in Laos. SHS Web of Conferences, 12, 01045. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/20141201045
Lee, T. H., & Jan, F.-H. (2019). Can community-based tourism contribute to sustainable development? Evidence from residents’ perceptions of the sustainability. Tourism Management, 70, 368–380. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.09.003
Ley de la Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas [LCNDPI] (2003). Diario Oficial de la Federación [D.O.F] Abrogada DOF 04-12-2018, Mexico. https://www.diputados.gob.mx/LeyesBiblio/abro/lcndpi.htm
Lonn, P., Mizoue, N., Ota, T., Kajisa, T., & Yoshida, S. (2018). Evaluating the Contribution of Community-based Ecotourism (CBET) to Household Income and Livelihood Changes: A Case Study of the Chambok CBET Program in Cambodia. Ecological Economics, 151, 62–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.04.036
Matiku, S., Zuwarimwe, J., & Tshipala, N. (2020). Community-Driven Tourism Projects’ Economic Contribution to Community Livelihoods—A Case of Makuleke Contractual Park Community Tourism Project. Sustainability, 12(19), Article 19. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12198230
Medinaceli, A. (2022, September 7). Tourism as a potential engine of sustainable development in Bolivia. Sdsn Bolivia. https://tinyurl.com/tourism-potential-BOL
Mendoza-Ramos, A., & Prideaux, B. (2018). Assessing ecotourism in an Indigenous community: Using, testing and proving the wheel of empowerment framework as a measurement tool. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 26(2), 277–291. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2017.1347176
Minority Rights Group (MRG). (2018, January). Bolivia. https://minorityrights.org/country/bolivia/
Muñoz, L. (2023, June 2). Bolivia’s Mother Earth Laws: Is the Ecocentric Legislation Misleading? | ReVista. ReVista, Harvard Review of Latin America. https://revista.drclas.harvard.edu/bolivias-mother-earth-laws-is-the-ecocentric-legislation-misleading/
Nampushi, J., & Nankaya, J. (2020). An Assessment of the Maasai Residents’ Views on Tourism in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya. International Journal of Tourism & Hospitality Reviews, 7(2), 01–11. https://doi.org/10.18510/ijthr.2020.721
Nguyen, T. D., Hoang, H. D., Nguyen, T. Q., Fumikazu, U., Vo, T. P. T., & Nguyen, C. V. (2022). A multicriteria approach to assessing the sustainability of community-based ecotourism in Central Vietnam. APN Science Bulletin, 12(1), 123–140. https://doi.org/10.30852/sb.2022.1938
Phuong, N. T. M., Song, N. V., & Quang, T. X. (2020). Factors Affecting Community-Based Tourism Development and Environmental Protection: Practical Study in Vietnam. Journal of Environmental Protection, 11(02), 124–151. https://doi.org/10.4236/jep.2020.112009
Rumangkit, S., Pratama, Y. A., Khairi, A., & Hadi, A. S. (2024). Unlocking Sustainable Ecotourism: Insights from Community-Based Ecotourism (CBET) in Indonesia. Migration Letters, 21(5), 645–657.
Sartika, I., & Wargadinata, E. (2019). The Success Factors of Rural Community- based Tourism in Indonesia. Proceeding ICOGISS 2019: International Conference On Governance Innovation and Social Sciences, 293–301. https://doi.org/10.32528/pi.v0i0.2498
Sonjai, P. N., Bushell, R., Hawkins, M., & Staiff, R. (2018). Community-based ecotourism: Beyond authenticity and the commodification of local people. Journal of Ecotourism, 17(3), 252–267. https://doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1503502
Soria, F. (2008). The impact of Community-Based Ecotourism Projects in Amboró National Park (No. 03/2008; Development Research Working Paper Series). Institute for Advanced Development Studies (INESAD). https://hdl.handle.net/10419/189552
The World Travel & Tourism Council. (2022). Travel & Tourism, Economic Impact 2022. Global Trends (p. 34). The World Travel & Tourism Council & Oxford Economics. https://wttc.org/Portals/0/Documents/Reports/2022/EIR2022-Global%20Trends.pdf
Triarchi, E., & Karamanis, K. (2017). Alternative Tourism Development: A Theoretical Background. World Journal of Business and Management, 3(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.5296/wjbm.v3i1.11198
UNESCO World Heritage Center. (2000, November 30). Noel Kempff Mercado National Park. UNESCO World Heritage Convention. https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/967/
Zielinski, S., Jeong, Y., Kim, S., & B. Milanés, C. (2020). Why Community-Based Tourism and Rural Tourism in Developing and Developed Nations are Treated Differently? A Review. Sustainability, 12(15), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12155938
Zielinski, S., Kim, S., Botero, C., & Yanes, A. (2020). Factors that facilitate and inhibit community-based tourism initiatives in developing countries. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(6), 723–739. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2018.1543254
Publicado
2025-05-31
Cómo citar
Hirami, N., & Hidalgo-Morales , M. (2025). Assessment of Key Factors Influencing the Success and Sustainability of Community-Based Ecotourism: Insights from Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 9(2), 9012-9031. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i2.17666
Número
Sección
Ciencias de la Educación
Derechos de autor 2025 Martha Hidalgo-Morales , Naotaka Hirami
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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