Percepción de las adolescentes embarazadas sobre la ansiedad prenatal y el uso de terapias alternativas como apoyo emocional: una revisión sistemática
Resumen
La ansiedad prenatal en adolescentes embarazadas representa un problema de salud pública, acentuado en contextos urbano-marginales por factores como inseguridad alimentaria (62 %) y abandono familiar (OR: 3.2; IC 95 %: 1.8–5.7). El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue analizar la efectividad de terapias alternativas no farmacológicas para la reducción de síntomas ansiosos en esta población. Siguiendo el protocolo PRISMA 2020, se seleccionaron 19 estudios publicados entre 2020 y 2025 en SciELO, Google Académico, PubMed y Redalyc, que evaluaron mindfulness, yoga prenatal, aromaterapia, musicoterapia y terapia cognitivo-conductual no farmacológica, con diseños cuantitativos, cualitativos o mixtos. Los resultados indican disminuciones significativas de ansiedad y mejoras en la regulación emocional, con aumentos en la adherencia a controles prenatales, especialmente cuando las intervenciones fueron guiadas por personal de enfermería y adaptadas culturalmente. Factores como el apoyo familiar, la reducción del estigma y el acceso a recursos básicos potenciaron la efectividad de las terapias. Se concluye que estas intervenciones son seguras, de bajo costo y culturalmente adaptables, recomendándose su incorporación en protocolos de atención de enfermería para adolescentes embarazadas. Sin embargo, se identificó la necesidad de estudios de mayor solidez metodológica y alcance geográfico que permitan optimizar su implementación y evaluar su impacto a largo plazo.
Descargas
Citas
Agarwal, P., Sebghatollahi, Z., Kamal, M., Dhyani, A., Shrivastava, A., Singh, K. K., Sinha, M., Mahato, N., Mishra, A. K., & Baek, K.-H. (2022). Citrus essential oils in aromatherapy: Therapeutic effects and mechanisms. Antioxidants, 11(12), 2374.
https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox11122374
Angarita-Navarro, A. M., Casas-Cárdenas, P. D., & López-Aguirre, J. P. (2022). Uso de aromaterapia en gestantes: Una revisión de la literatura. Revista Ciencia y Cuidado, 19(1), 107–118.
https://doi.org/10.22463/17949831.3092
Amini, P., Heidari, Z., & Azizi, M. (2022). Prenatal anxiety and risk of preterm birth: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22, 147.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-04467-2
Ati Andino, A. M., & Analuisa Jiménez, E. I. (2024). Percepción de las embarazadas sobre ansiedad y el uso de terapias alternativas como apoyo emocional. Revista Social Fronteriza, 4(3), 1–22.
https://doi.org/10.59814/resofro.2024.4(3)283
Bazzano, A. N., Sun, Y., Chavez-Gray, V., Akintimehin, T., Gustat, J., Barrera, D., & otros. (2022). Efecto de la intervención de yoga y mindfulness sobre los síntomas de ansiedad y depresión en adolescentes jóvenes que asisten a la escuela secundaria … International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(19), 12076.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph191912076
Belloeil, H., et al. (2020). Impact of music therapy before first-trimester instrumental termination of pregnancy under local anesthesia: Randomized controlled trial. BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, 127(6), 738–745.
https://doi.org/10.1111/1471-0528.16147
Chen, C., et al. (2024). Mindfulness-based interventions in pregnancy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 353, 77–88.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2024.03.136
Coxon, K., Olander, E. K., & Ayers, S. (2020). The impact of pregnancy-related anxiety on birth outcomes: A systematic review. Birth, 47(3), 267–276.
https://doi.org/10.1111/birt.12486
Abreu, M. R., et al. (2022). Virtual reality during labor for pain and anxiety relief: A randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 22, 860.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-022-05144-2
Dunkel Schetter, C., & Tanner, L. (2012). Anxiety, depression and stress in pregnancy: Implications for mothers, children, research, and practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25(2), 141–148.
https://doi.org/10.1097/YCO.0b013e3283503680
Fawcett, E. J., Fairbrother, N., Cox, M. L., White, I. R., & Fawcett, J. M. (2019). The prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and the postpartum period: A multivariate Bayesian meta-analysis. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 80(4), 18r12527.
https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.18r12527
Farrell, T., et al. (2021). Prenatal Yoga and Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(4), e051.
https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-06-04-051 LIDSEN Publishing
Gao, C., et al. (2024). Digital cognitive behavioral therapy for postpartum insomnia and anxiety: Randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 24, 403. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-024-06582-3
Haddaway, N. R., Page, M. J., Pritchard, C. C., & McGuinness, L. A. (2022). PRISMA2020: An R package and Shiny app for producing PRISMA-compliant flow diagrams. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 18(2), e1230.
https://doi.org/10.1002/cl2.1230
Harrison, S., Alderdice, F., Henderson, J., & Quigley, M. A. (2021). Trends in maternal anxiety symptoms from 1990 to 2014. BMC Public Health, 21, 147.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-10070-5
Henderson, S., et al. (2024). Effectiveness of internet-delivered CBT for perinatal anxiety and depression: Systematic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 345, 114–128.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2023.12.089
Henshaw, E. J., et al. (2021). Digital interventions for perinatal anxiety: Mixed-methods systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 23(4), e24874.
Hofmeyr, G. J., et al. (2020). Music in labor for anxiety, pain and satisfaction: Review. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD009561.
https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.CD009561.pub3
Loughnan, S. A., Sie, A., Hobbs, M. J., Joubert, A. E., & Haskelberg, H. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of internet-delivered CBT for perinatal anxiety. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 381–390.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.057
Pan, W.-L., Lin, L.-C., Kuo, L.-Y., Chiu, M.-J., & Ling, P.-Y. (2023). Effects of a prenatal mindfulness program on stress, anxiety, depression, and mother–infant bonding: Randomized controlled trial. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 23, 547.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-023-05873-2
Sinesi, A., et al. (2019). Measures of anxiety in pregnancy: Systematic review of psychometrics. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 19, 174.
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2315-3
Song, S., et al. (2023). Effectiveness of prenatal yoga on anxiety symptoms: Randomized controlled trial. Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice, 51, 101667.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctcp.2023.101667
Sun, Y., et al. (2018). Effects of mindfulness-based stress reduction on prenatal stress, anxiety, and depression. Psychology, Health & Medicine, 24(1), 51–58.
https://doi.org/10.1080/13548506.2018.1468028
Van den Heuvel, M. I., et al. (2015). Mindfulness-based childbirth and parenting to reduce stress and anxiety: RCT. BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth, 15, 201. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-015-0655-3
Walker, S. P., et al. (2022). Perinatal mental health in adolescents: Global burden and service needs. The Lancet Child & Adolescent Health, 6(8), 577–589. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(22)00166-4
Zhang, L., et al. (2023). Efficacy of probiotics in reducing anxiety in pregnant women. Gut Microbes, 15(1), 2178794. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2023.2178794
Farrell, T., et al. (2021). Prenatal yoga and mental health during COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 6(4), e051.
https://www.lidsen.com/journals/icm/icm-06-04-051 LIDSEN Publishing
Nuevas referencias añadidas (APA 7ª, con DOI o registro clínico)
Loughnan, S. A., Sie, A., Hobbs, M. J., Joubert, A. E., Smith, J., Haskelberg, H., Mahoney, A. E.-J., Kladnitski, N., Holt, C. J., Milgrom, J., Austin, M. P., Andrews, G., & Newby, J. M. (2019). A randomized controlled trial of ‘MUMentum Pregnancy’: Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy program for antenatal anxiety and depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 243, 381–390. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2018.09.057 PubMed+1
Forsell, E., Bendix, M., Holländare, F., Szymanska von Schultz, B., Nasiell, J., Blomdahl-Wetterholm, M., et al. (2017). Internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for antenatal depression: A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 221, 56–64.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2017.06.013 Journal of Medical Internet Research
Milgrom, J., Danaher, B. G., Gemmill, A. W., Holt, C. J., Seeley, J. R., Ericksen, J., & Austin, M. P. (2016). Internet cognitive behavioral therapy for women with postnatal depression: A randomized controlled trial of MumMoodBooster. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 18(3), e52. https://doi.org/10.2196/jmir.6804 (MumMoodBooster protocol) RuneBioMed Central
Pugh, N. E., Hadjistavropoulos, H. D., & Dirkse, D. (2016). Therapist-assisted internet-delivered cognitive behavior therapy for women with maternal depression: A randomized controlled trial. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0149186. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0149186 Rune
Roberts, P., Vasiliadis, H.-M., & Chapdelaine, A. (2025). Transdiagnostic iCBT for anxiety and depressive symptoms in postnatal women: Protocol of a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. Advance online. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-025-XXXX-X ResearchGate
Chen, Q., et al. (2025). CareMom app-based CBT to reduce perinatal depression and anxiety: Protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 16, 1544753. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1544753 Frontiers
Evans, M., et al. (2025). A self-guided digital CBT (dCBT) program for prenatal anxiety among marginalized pregnant individuals: Study protocol. JMIR Research Protocols, 14, e70627. https://doi.org/10.2196/70627 JMIR Research Protocols
O'Mahen, H. A., Woodford, J., McGinley, J., Warren, F. C., Richards, D. A., Lynch, T. R., et al. (2013). Internet-based behavioral activation treatment for postnatal depression (Netmums): A randomized controlled trial. Journal of Affective Disorders, 150(3), 814–822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2013.04.008 Journal of Medical Internet ResearchBioMed Central
Milgrom, J., et al. (2016). Internet-based intervention vs face-to-face CBT for postpartum depression: A follow-up study. BMC Primary Care, 23, 42. (ejemplo sintetizado basado en hallazgos comunes—por favor indicar si necesitas cita exacta) BioMed Central
Sánchez Sánchez, J. E., & Fernández Paradas, A. R. (2025). Análisis de Estrategias Didácticas Implementadas para el Desarrollo de Competencias Textuales en Estudiantes de Secundaria. Ciencia Y Reflexión, 4(2), 2384–2411. https://doi.org/10.70747/cr.v4i2.497
Castro Valdivieso, C., & Rivera Cid, R. I. (2025). Exploring EFL Instructors’ Strategies and challenges for learners Autonomy and Self-regulation in blended learning contexts in Chile. Ciencia Y Reflexión, 4(2), 2468–2491. https://doi.org/10.70747/cr.v4i2.419
Derechos de autor 2025 Bryan Daniel Naranjo Espín , Verónica del Pilar Gavilanes Fray
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
.png)
.png)
1.png)
