Impacto Ambiental de la Producción Animal: Determinantes Estructurales y Estrategias de Mitigación
Resumen
La producción animal genera presiones ambientales multidimensionales asociadas con emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero, pérdidas de nutrientes, acidificación, uso de suelo, demanda energética y efectos sobre la biodiversidad. El presente artículo analiza de manera estructurada la evidencia científica publicada entre 2020 y 2025 sobre sistemas bovinos, porcinos, avícolas y acuícolas, con énfasis en evaluaciones de ciclo de vida. Se identifican como puntos críticos recurrentes la producción de alimento y la gestión de estiércol, mientras que en rumiantes la fermentación entérica constituye un componente dominante del impacto climático. Los resultados muestran que la magnitud y jerarquía de impactos dependen significativamente de decisiones metodológicas como la unidad funcional, los límites del sistema, la asignación entre coproductos y el tratamiento del cambio de uso de suelo. Las estrategias de mitigación pueden generar compensaciones entre categorías ambientales cuando no se analizan bajo enfoques multicriterio. Estudios recientes de estos sistemas de producción, han examinado estrategias de optimización ambiental relacionadas con la formulación del alimento, la gestión de residuos y la incorporación de tecnologías emergentes. La literatura basada en evaluaciones de ciclo de vida ha contribuido a ampliar la comprensión de los determinantes ambientales que configuran el desempeño de distintas cadenas productivas en diversos contextos regionales.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Yolanda Galindo Pérez , Isaac Almaraz Buendía, Javier Piloni Martini, J. Jesús Germán Peralta Ortiz, María Guadalupe Torres Cardona
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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