Paternidad Cuidadora y Masculinidades en Transformación: Desarrollo y Agenda de Validación del Modelo Relacional P.A.D.R.E. con Alma
Palabras clave:
paternidad cuidadora, involucramiento paterno, masculinidades cuidadoras, coparentalidad, corresponsabilidad, modelo teórico, liderazgo relacional
Resumen
La paternidad contemporánea se desplaza desde un ideal centrado en provisión y autoridad hacia prácticas de presencia emocional, cuidado cotidiano y corresponsabilidad. Sin embargo, la investigación sobre involucramiento paterno, la coparentalidad, las masculinidades cuidadoras y la ética del cuidado continúa fragmentada. Este artículo desarrolla el Modelo Relacional de Paternidad Cuidadora P.A.D.R.E. con Alma (MRPC–P.A.D.R.E.), una propuesta teórico-conceptual destinada a explicar y evaluar la calidad de la presencia paterna sin confundirla con convivencia, intención o visibilidad social. Se realizó una revisión integrativa crítica, cerrada el 21 de junio de 2026, mediante búsquedas en PubMed/MEDLINE, portales editoriales y repositorios oficiales de la OMS, UNICEF, OIT y OCDE, complementadas con rastreo retrospectivo y prospectivo de referencias. La síntesis comparó definiciones, mecanismos, resultados, moderadores y limitaciones, y aplicó criterios de parsimonia, diferenciación conceptual, observabilidad, utilidad incremental, falsabilidad, equidad y no daño. El modelo articula cinco dimensiones: Presencia, Afectividad disponible, Dirección con dignidad, Responsabilidad compartida y reparadora, y Ejemplaridad intergeneracional. “Alma” no constituye una sexta dimensión ni una categoría metafísica, sino un criterio transversal de reconocimiento, relacionalidad, coherencia y sentido. La contribución incluye una red nomológica, diez proposiciones contrastables, indicadores multimétodo, condiciones de frontera y una ruta de validación en siete fases. Se sostiene que la calidad paterna debe analizarse como configuración situada: sus efectos dependen de salud mental, recursos, coparentalidad, cultura laboral, etapa vital y diversidad familiar. El modelo no ha sido validado empíricamente; su valor reside en ofrecer una arquitectura explícita, refutable y transferible para investigación, intervención y política pública
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Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Cabrera, N. J. (2020). Father involvement, father–child relationship, and attachment in the early years. Attachment & Human Development, 22(1), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589070
Cabrera, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). The ecology of father–child relationships: An expanded model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(4), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12054
Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J. D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers’ influence on their children’s cognitive and emotional development: From toddlers to pre-K. Applied Developmental Science, 11(4), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762100
Cameron, E. E., Sedov, I. D., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2016). Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.044
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
Dachew, B. A., Ayano, G., Duko, B., Lawrence, B. J., Betts, K., & Alati, R. (2023a). Paternal depression and risk of depression among offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 6(8), e2329159. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.29159
Dachew, B. A., Heron, J. E., & Alati, R. (2023b). Parental depressive symptoms across the first three years of a child’s life and emotional and behavioural problem trajectories in children and adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 159, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.019
Elliott, K. (2016). Caring masculinities: Theorizing an emerging concept. Men and Masculinities, 19(3), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15576203
Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention. Parenting, 3(2), 95–131. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0302_01
Fernández-Cornejo, J. A., Pozo-García, E. D., & Escot, L. (2025). Traditional and insecure masculinities are not the best allies of caring fatherhood. Gender Issues, 42, Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-025-09378-4
Gonzalez, J. C., Klein, C. C., & Barnett, M. L. (2023). Intervention and implementation characteristics to enhance father engagement: A systematic review of parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(2), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00430-x
Henry, J. B., Julion, W. A., Bounds, D. T., & Sumo, J. N. (2020). Fatherhood matters: An integrative review of fatherhood intervention research. The Journal of School Nursing, 36(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519873380
Holmes, E. K., Egginton, B. R., Hawkins, A. J., Robbins, N. L., & Shafer, K. (2020). Do responsible fatherhood programs work? A comprehensive meta-analytic study. Family Relations, 69(5), 967–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12435
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International Labour Organization. (2025). Closing the gender gap in paid parental leaves: Better parental leaves for more caring societies. ILO.
Jukes, L. M., Di Folco, S., Kearney, L., & Sawrikar, V. (2024). Barriers and facilitators to engaging mothers and fathers in family-based interventions: A qualitative systematic review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 55(1), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01389-6
Kaplan, D., & Offer, S. (2022). Masculinity ideologies, sensitivity to masculinity threats, and fathers’ involvement in housework and childcare among U.S. employed fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 23(4), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000400
Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Prevention Science, 14(4), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1
Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th ed.). Wiley.
Lamb, M. E. (2010). How do fathers influence children’s development? Let me count the ways. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 1–26). Wiley.
McHale, J. P., & Lindahl, K. M. (Eds.). (2011). Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12328-000
Moura, T., Mehaffey, R., Lubbock, A., Pilinkaite Sotirovic, V., Kirchengast, A., do Carmo, M., Rolino, T., Deriu, M., Santoro, A., Jankauskaite, M., & Masca, M. (2024). Engaged fatherhood and new models of “nurturing care”: Lessons learnt from Austria, Italy, Lithuania and Portugal. Gender, Work & Organization, 31(5), 1639–1656. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13147
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025). Paid leave for fathers. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/07442bed-en
Panter-Brick, C., Burgess, A., Eggerman, M., McAllister, F., Pruett, K., & Leckman, J. F. (2014). Practitioner review: Engaging fathers—Recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(11), 1187–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12280
Petts, R. J., Shafer, K. M., & Essig, L. (2018). Does adherence to masculine norms shape fathering behavior? Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(3), 704–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12476
Pilkington, P., Rominov, H., Brown, H. K., & Dennis, C.-L. (2019). Systematic review of the impact of coparenting interventions on paternal coparenting behaviour. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13815
Pleck, J. H. (2010). Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 58–93). Wiley.
Pleck, J. H. (2012). Integrating father involvement in parenting research. Parenting, 12(2–3), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683365
Puglisi, N., Rattaz, V., Favez, N., & Tissot, H. (2024). Father involvement and emotion regulation during early childhood: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 12, Article 675. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02182-x
Robinson, E. L., StGeorge, J., & Freeman, E. E. (2021). A systematic review of father–child play interactions and the impacts on child development. Children, 8(5), Article 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050389
Rollè, L., Gullotta, G., Trombetta, T., Curti, L., Gerino, E., Brustia, P., & Caldarera, A. M. (2019). Father involvement and cognitive development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2405. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02405
Romero-Balsas, P., Meil, G., & Rogero-García, J. (2021). Policemen on leave alone in Spain: A rift in hegemonic masculinity? Men and Masculinities, 24(3), 483–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X19878221
Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica, 97(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x
Shorey, S., Chee, C., Sambhi, S. K., Chong, S. C., & Choolani, M. (2024). Fathers’ experiences with supportive parenting interventions: A qualitative systematic review. Family Process, 63(4), 2037–2057. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.13037
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Stern, J. A., Bailey, N. B., Costello, M. A., Hazelwood, O. A., & Allen, J. P. (2024). Fathers’ contributions to attachment in adolescence and adulthood: The moderating role of race, gender, income, and residential status. Attachment & Human Development, 26, 325–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2024.2366391
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
Torraco, R. J. (2016). Writing integrative literature reviews: Using the past and present to explore the future. Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606
Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Routledge.
Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York University Press.
UNICEF. (2022). Supporting gender-transformative parenting. UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti.
UNICEF. (2026). Parenting programmes to prevent violence and advance gender equality: Results from a global mapping of parent and caregiver programmes. UNICEF Innocenti.
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
World Health Organization. (2023). WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent maltreatment and enhance parent–child relationships with children aged 0–17 years. WHO.
World Health Organization. (2024). Designing, implementing, evaluating and scaling up parenting interventions: A handbook for decision-makers and implementers. WHO.
Wojnicka, K., & de Boise, S. (2025). Caring masculinities: Rethinking the concept. Men and Masculinities, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X251327673
Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development. Harvard University Press.
Cabrera, N. J. (2020). Father involvement, father–child relationship, and attachment in the early years. Attachment & Human Development, 22(1), 134–138. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2019.1589070
Cabrera, N. J., Fitzgerald, H. E., Bradley, R. H., & Roggman, L. (2014). The ecology of father–child relationships: An expanded model. Journal of Family Theory & Review, 6(4), 336–354. https://doi.org/10.1111/jftr.12054
Cabrera, N. J., Shannon, J. D., & Tamis-LeMonda, C. (2007). Fathers’ influence on their children’s cognitive and emotional development: From toddlers to pre-K. Applied Developmental Science, 11(4), 208–213. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888690701762100
Cameron, E. E., Sedov, I. D., & Tomfohr-Madsen, L. M. (2016). Prevalence of paternal depression in pregnancy and the postpartum: An updated meta-analysis. Journal of Affective Disorders, 206, 189–203. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2016.07.044
Connell, R. W., & Messerschmidt, J. W. (2005). Hegemonic masculinity: Rethinking the concept. Gender & Society, 19(6), 829–859. https://doi.org/10.1177/0891243205278639
Dachew, B. A., Ayano, G., Duko, B., Lawrence, B. J., Betts, K., & Alati, R. (2023a). Paternal depression and risk of depression among offspring: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open, 6(8), e2329159. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.29159
Dachew, B. A., Heron, J. E., & Alati, R. (2023b). Parental depressive symptoms across the first three years of a child’s life and emotional and behavioural problem trajectories in children and adolescents. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 159, 135–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2023.01.019
Elliott, K. (2016). Caring masculinities: Theorizing an emerging concept. Men and Masculinities, 19(3), 240–259. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X15576203
Feinberg, M. E. (2003). The internal structure and ecological context of coparenting: A framework for research and intervention. Parenting, 3(2), 95–131. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327922PAR0302_01
Fernández-Cornejo, J. A., Pozo-García, E. D., & Escot, L. (2025). Traditional and insecure masculinities are not the best allies of caring fatherhood. Gender Issues, 42, Article 32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-025-09378-4
Gonzalez, J. C., Klein, C. C., & Barnett, M. L. (2023). Intervention and implementation characteristics to enhance father engagement: A systematic review of parenting interventions. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 26(2), 445–458. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10567-023-00430-x
Henry, J. B., Julion, W. A., Bounds, D. T., & Sumo, J. N. (2020). Fatherhood matters: An integrative review of fatherhood intervention research. The Journal of School Nursing, 36(1), 19–32. https://doi.org/10.1177/1059840519873380
Holmes, E. K., Egginton, B. R., Hawkins, A. J., Robbins, N. L., & Shafer, K. (2020). Do responsible fatherhood programs work? A comprehensive meta-analytic study. Family Relations, 69(5), 967–982. https://doi.org/10.1111/fare.12435
International Labour Organization. (2022). Care at work: Investing in care leave and services for a more gender equal world of work. ILO.
International Labour Organization. (2025). Closing the gender gap in paid parental leaves: Better parental leaves for more caring societies. ILO.
Jukes, L. M., Di Folco, S., Kearney, L., & Sawrikar, V. (2024). Barriers and facilitators to engaging mothers and fathers in family-based interventions: A qualitative systematic review. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 55(1), 137–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-022-01389-6
Kaplan, D., & Offer, S. (2022). Masculinity ideologies, sensitivity to masculinity threats, and fathers’ involvement in housework and childcare among U.S. employed fathers. Psychology of Men & Masculinities, 23(4), 399–411. https://doi.org/10.1037/men0000400
Knerr, W., Gardner, F., & Cluver, L. (2013). Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: A systematic review. Prevention Science, 14(4), 352–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1
Lamb, M. E. (Ed.). (2010). The role of the father in child development (5th ed.). Wiley.
Lamb, M. E. (2010). How do fathers influence children’s development? Let me count the ways. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 1–26). Wiley.
McHale, J. P., & Lindahl, K. M. (Eds.). (2011). Coparenting: A conceptual and clinical examination of family systems. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12328-000
Moura, T., Mehaffey, R., Lubbock, A., Pilinkaite Sotirovic, V., Kirchengast, A., do Carmo, M., Rolino, T., Deriu, M., Santoro, A., Jankauskaite, M., & Masca, M. (2024). Engaged fatherhood and new models of “nurturing care”: Lessons learnt from Austria, Italy, Lithuania and Portugal. Gender, Work & Organization, 31(5), 1639–1656. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.13147
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. (2025). Paid leave for fathers. OECD Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1787/07442bed-en
Panter-Brick, C., Burgess, A., Eggerman, M., McAllister, F., Pruett, K., & Leckman, J. F. (2014). Practitioner review: Engaging fathers—Recommendations for a game change in parenting interventions based on a systematic review of the global evidence. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 55(11), 1187–1212. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12280
Petts, R. J., Shafer, K. M., & Essig, L. (2018). Does adherence to masculine norms shape fathering behavior? Journal of Marriage and Family, 80(3), 704–720. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.12476
Pilkington, P., Rominov, H., Brown, H. K., & Dennis, C.-L. (2019). Systematic review of the impact of coparenting interventions on paternal coparenting behaviour. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 75(1), 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/jan.13815
Pleck, J. H. (2010). Paternal involvement: Revised conceptualization and theoretical linkages with child outcomes. In M. E. Lamb (Ed.), The role of the father in child development (5th ed., pp. 58–93). Wiley.
Pleck, J. H. (2012). Integrating father involvement in parenting research. Parenting, 12(2–3), 243–253. https://doi.org/10.1080/15295192.2012.683365
Puglisi, N., Rattaz, V., Favez, N., & Tissot, H. (2024). Father involvement and emotion regulation during early childhood: A systematic review. BMC Psychology, 12, Article 675. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-02182-x
Robinson, E. L., StGeorge, J., & Freeman, E. E. (2021). A systematic review of father–child play interactions and the impacts on child development. Children, 8(5), Article 389. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8050389
Rollè, L., Gullotta, G., Trombetta, T., Curti, L., Gerino, E., Brustia, P., & Caldarera, A. M. (2019). Father involvement and cognitive development in early and middle childhood: A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, Article 2405. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02405
Romero-Balsas, P., Meil, G., & Rogero-García, J. (2021). Policemen on leave alone in Spain: A rift in hegemonic masculinity? Men and Masculinities, 24(3), 483–500. https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X19878221
Sarkadi, A., Kristiansson, R., Oberklaid, F., & Bremberg, S. (2008). Fathers’ involvement and children’s developmental outcomes: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Acta Paediatrica, 97(2), 153–158. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.2007.00572.x
Shorey, S., Chee, C., Sambhi, S. K., Chong, S. C., & Choolani, M. (2024). Fathers’ experiences with supportive parenting interventions: A qualitative systematic review. Family Process, 63(4), 2037–2057. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.13037
Snyder, H. (2019). Literature review as a research methodology: An overview and guidelines. Journal of Business Research, 104, 333–339. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.07.039
Stern, J. A., Bailey, N. B., Costello, M. A., Hazelwood, O. A., & Allen, J. P. (2024). Fathers’ contributions to attachment in adolescence and adulthood: The moderating role of race, gender, income, and residential status. Attachment & Human Development, 26, 325–349. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2024.2366391
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
Torraco, R. J. (2016). Writing integrative literature reviews: Using the past and present to explore the future. Human Resource Development Review, 15(4), 404–428. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484316671606
Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Routledge.
Tronto, J. C. (2013). Caring democracy: Markets, equality, and justice. New York University Press.
UNICEF. (2022). Supporting gender-transformative parenting. UNICEF Office of Research – Innocenti.
UNICEF. (2026). Parenting programmes to prevent violence and advance gender equality: Results from a global mapping of parent and caregiver programmes. UNICEF Innocenti.
Whittemore, R., & Knafl, K. (2005). The integrative review: Updated methodology. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 52(5), 546–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2648.2005.03621.x
World Health Organization. (2023). WHO guidelines on parenting interventions to prevent maltreatment and enhance parent–child relationships with children aged 0–17 years. WHO.
World Health Organization. (2024). Designing, implementing, evaluating and scaling up parenting interventions: A handbook for decision-makers and implementers. WHO.
Wojnicka, K., & de Boise, S. (2025). Caring masculinities: Rethinking the concept. Men and Masculinities, 28(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/1097184X251327673
Publicado
2026-07-13
Cómo citar
Bonasa Alzuria, I. (2026). Paternidad Cuidadora y Masculinidades en Transformación: Desarrollo y Agenda de Validación del Modelo Relacional P.A.D.R.E. con Alma. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 10(3), 6491-6530. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v10i3.24713
Número
Sección
Ciencias Sociales y Humanas
Derechos de autor 2026 Ignacio Bonasa Alzuria
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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