De la Deontología Mínima a la Legitimidad Profesional: Desarrollo del Modelo Alma Jurídica para la Abogacía del Siglo XXI
Palabras clave:
ética jurídica, liderazgo ético, abogacía, dignidad, bienestar profesional, inteligencia artificial, confianza institucional
Resumen
La abogacía contemporánea afronta una doble exigencia: responder a entornos tecnológicos y competitivos de creciente complejidad y, al mismo tiempo, preservar la confianza que legitima su poder profesional. Este artículo desarrolla el Modelo ALMA Jurídica como teoría de alcance medio para explicar y orientar una práctica capaz de integrar excelencia técnica, independencia, dignidad humana y responsabilidad. El diseño corresponde a un artículo conceptual de síntesis y construcción de modelo, informado por una búsqueda bibliográfica estructurada, no sistemática, y por el análisis comparado de marcos deontológicos internacionales. La síntesis articula ética profesional, liderazgo ético y auténtico, ética del cuidado, justicia procedimental, bienestar de los abogados, cultura ética organizativa e inteligencia artificial aplicada al Derecho. El modelo comprende cuatro dimensiones: Autoconciencia y autenticidad profesional; Legalidad con legitimidad ética; Mirada humana, cuidado y dignidad; y Acción valiente, responsabilidad y servicio. Su novedad incremental reside en vincular estas dimensiones a la función institucional de la abogacía, distinguir niveles individual, relacional, organizativo y profesional, y especificar mecanismos y resultados contrastables. Se formulan ocho proposiciones multinivel, una matriz de comportamientos observables, un test deliberativo, un banco inicial de ítems y una viñeta situacional para orientar su futura validación. El artículo concluye que la deontología constituye un suelo indispensable, pero insuficiente cuando se reduce a evitar sanciones. La legitimidad exige convertir deberes, identidad y cultura en decisiones explicables, proporcionadas y humanas, especialmente ante la presión comercial, el agotamiento y el uso de sistemas generativos.
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Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Freidson, E. (2001). Professionalism: The third logic. University of Chicago Press.
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & May, D. R. (2011). Moral maturation and moral conation: A capacity approach to explaining moral thought and action. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 663–685. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0128
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201121436
Held, V. (2006). The ethics of care: Personal, political, and global. Oxford University Press.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2025). Third report on the situation of human rights defenders in the Americas. Organization of American States. https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/2025/third-regional-report-hrd.pdf
International Bar Association. (2018). IBA International Principles on Conduct for the Legal Profession (updated edition). IBA.
International Bar Association. (2021). Mental wellbeing in the legal profession: A global study. IBA.
International Bar Association. (2023). International Guidelines for Wellbeing in Legal Education. IBA.
International Bar Association. (2024). Technological competence statement for the IBA International Principles on Conduct for the Legal Profession. IBA.
Jaakkola, E. (2020). Designing conceptual articles: Four approaches. AMS Review, 10, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0
Kaptein, M. (2008). Developing and testing a measure for the ethical culture of organizations: The corporate ethical virtues model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 923–947. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.520
Krieger, L. S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2015). What makes lawyers happy? A data-driven prescription to redefine professional success. George Washington Law Review, 83, 554–627.
Krill, P. R., Degeneffe, N., Ochocki, K., & Anker, J. J. (2022). People, professionals, and profit centers: The connection between lawyer well-being and employer values. Behavioral Sciences, 12(6), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12060177
Krill, P. R., Johnson, R., & Albert, L. (2016). The prevalence of substance use and other mental health concerns among American attorneys. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000182
Lemoine, G. J., Hartnell, C. A., & Leroy, H. (2019). Taking stock of moral approaches to leadership: An integrative review of ethical, authentic, and servant leadership. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 148–187. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0121
Luban, D. (1988). Lawyers and justice: An ethical study. Princeton University Press.
Magesh, V., Surani, F., Dahl, M., Suzgun, M., Manning, C. D., & Ho, D. E. (2025). Hallucination-free? Assessing the reliability of leading AI legal research tools. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 22(2), 216–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12413
Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 173–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
Naciones Unidas. (1990). Principios Básicos sobre la Función de los Abogados. Octavo Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Tratamiento del Delincuente.
National Task Force on Lawyer Well-Being. (2017). The path to lawyer well-being: Practical recommendations for positive change. American Bar Association.
Nickum, M., & Desrumaux, P. (2023). Burnout among lawyers: Effects of workload, latitude and mediation via engagement and over-engagement. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 30(3), 349–361.
Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. Praeger.
Rhode, D. L. (2000). In the interests of justice: Reforming the legal profession. Oxford University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press.
Sullivan, W. M., Colby, A., Wegner, J. W., Bond, L., & Shulman, L. S. (2007). Educating lawyers: Preparation for the profession of law. Jossey-Bass.
Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37(3), 513–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5893.3703002
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
Treviño, L. K., Butterfield, K. D., & McCabe, D. L. (1998). The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8(3), 447–476. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857431
Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Routledge.
Tyler, T. R. (2006). Why people obey the law. Princeton University Press.
Tyler, T. R., & Mentovich, A. (2023). Mechanisms of legal effect: Procedural justice theory. Center for Public Health Law Research.
United Nations Development Programme, & United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2016). Global study on legal aid: Global report. United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/LegalAid/Global_Study_on_Legal_Aid_-_FINAL.pdf
UNESCO. (2021). Recomendación sobre la Ética de la Inteligencia Artificial. UNESCO.
Unión Europea. (2024). Reglamento (UE) 2024/1689 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 13 de junio de 2024, por el que se establecen normas armonizadas en materia de inteligencia artificial. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea.
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913
Wendel, W. B. (2010). Lawyers and fidelity to law. Princeton University Press.
World Justice Project. (2019). Global insights on access to justice 2019. https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-A2J-2019.pdf
American Bar Association. (s. f.). Model Rules of Professional Conduct. https://www.americanbar.org/groups/professional_responsibility/publications/model_rules_of_professional_conduct/
American Bar Association. (2024). Formal Opinion 512: Generative Artificial Intelligence Tools. Standing Committee on Ethics and Professional Responsibility. https://www.americanbar.org/content/dam/aba/administrative/professional_responsibility/ethics-opinions/aba-formal-opinion-512.pdf
Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3(3), 193–209. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327957PSPR0303_3
Brown, M. E., & Treviño, L. K. (2006). Ethical leadership: A review and future directions. The Leadership Quarterly, 17(6), 595–616. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2006.10.004
Brown, M. E., Treviño, L. K., & Harrison, D. A. (2005). Ethical leadership: A social learning perspective for construct development and testing. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 97(2), 117–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.03.002
Chien, C. V., & Kim, M. (2025). Generative AI and legal aid: Results from a field study and 100 use cases to bridge the access to justice gap. Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review, 57(4), 903–988. https://digitalcommons.lmu.edu/llr/vol57/iss4/2/
Chlap, N., & Brown, R. (2022). Relationships between workplace characteristics, psychological stress, affective distress, burnout and empathy in lawyers. International Journal of the Legal Profession, 29(2), 159–180. https://doi.org/10.1080/09695958.2022.2032082
Choi, J. H., Monahan, A. B., & Schwarcz, D. B. (2024). Lawyering in the age of artificial intelligence. Minnesota Law Review, 109(1), 147–218. https://doi.org/10.24926/265535.4225
Choi, J. H., & Schwarcz, D. B. (2025). AI assistance in legal analysis: An empirical study. Journal of Legal Education, 73(2), 384–420. https://jle.aals.org/home/vol73/iss2/5/
Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe. (2006). Charter of Core Principles of the European Legal Profession and Code of Conduct for European Lawyers. https://www.ccbe.eu/fileadmin/speciality_distribution/public/documents/DEONTOLOGY/DEON_CoC/EN_DEON_CoC.pdf
Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe. (2021). Model Code of Conduct for European Lawyers. CCBE.
Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe. (2025). CCBE guide on the use of generative AI by lawyers. https://www.ccbe.eu/fileadmin/speciality_distribution/public/documents/IT_LAW/ITL_Guides_recommendations/EN_ITL_20251002_CCBE-guide-on-the-use-of-the-use-of-generative-AI-for-lawyers.pdf
Council of Bars and Law Societies of Europe. (2026). CCBE technical guide on the use of AI tools and models by lawyers. https://www.ccbe.eu/fileadmin/speciality_distribution/public/documents/IT_LAW/ITL_Guides_recommendations/EN_ITL_20260327_CCBE-technical-guide-on-the-use-of-AI-tools-and-models-by-lawyers.pdf
Council of Europe. (2024). Council of Europe Framework Convention on Artificial Intelligence and Human Rights, Democracy and the Rule of Law (CETS No. 225).
Dahl, M., Magesh, V., Suzgun, M., & Ho, D. E. (2024). Large legal fictions: Profiling legal hallucinations in large language models. Journal of Legal Analysis, 16(1), 64–93. https://doi.org/10.1093/jla/laae003
Edmondson, A. C. (1999). Psychological safety and learning behavior in work teams. Administrative Science Quarterly, 44(2), 350–383. https://doi.org/10.2307/2666999
Eva, N., Robin, M., Sendjaya, S., van Dierendonck, D., & Liden, R. C. (2019). Servant leadership: A systematic review and call for future research. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 111–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.004
Freidson, E. (2001). Professionalism: The third logic. University of Chicago Press.
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & May, D. R. (2011). Moral maturation and moral conation: A capacity approach to explaining moral thought and action. Academy of Management Review, 36(4), 663–685. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.2010.0128
Hannah, S. T., Avolio, B. J., & Walumbwa, F. O. (2011). Relationships between authentic leadership, moral courage, and ethical and pro-social behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 21(4), 555–578. https://doi.org/10.5840/beq201121436
Held, V. (2006). The ethics of care: Personal, political, and global. Oxford University Press.
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights. (2025). Third report on the situation of human rights defenders in the Americas. Organization of American States. https://www.oas.org/en/iachr/reports/pdfs/2025/third-regional-report-hrd.pdf
International Bar Association. (2018). IBA International Principles on Conduct for the Legal Profession (updated edition). IBA.
International Bar Association. (2021). Mental wellbeing in the legal profession: A global study. IBA.
International Bar Association. (2023). International Guidelines for Wellbeing in Legal Education. IBA.
International Bar Association. (2024). Technological competence statement for the IBA International Principles on Conduct for the Legal Profession. IBA.
Jaakkola, E. (2020). Designing conceptual articles: Four approaches. AMS Review, 10, 18–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13162-020-00161-0
Kaptein, M. (2008). Developing and testing a measure for the ethical culture of organizations: The corporate ethical virtues model. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 29(7), 923–947. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.520
Krieger, L. S., & Sheldon, K. M. (2015). What makes lawyers happy? A data-driven prescription to redefine professional success. George Washington Law Review, 83, 554–627.
Krill, P. R., Degeneffe, N., Ochocki, K., & Anker, J. J. (2022). People, professionals, and profit centers: The connection between lawyer well-being and employer values. Behavioral Sciences, 12(6), 177. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12060177
Krill, P. R., Johnson, R., & Albert, L. (2016). The prevalence of substance use and other mental health concerns among American attorneys. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 10(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000182
Lemoine, G. J., Hartnell, C. A., & Leroy, H. (2019). Taking stock of moral approaches to leadership: An integrative review of ethical, authentic, and servant leadership. Academy of Management Annals, 13(1), 148–187. https://doi.org/10.5465/annals.2016.0121
Luban, D. (1988). Lawyers and justice: An ethical study. Princeton University Press.
Magesh, V., Surani, F., Dahl, M., Suzgun, M., Manning, C. D., & Ho, D. E. (2025). Hallucination-free? Assessing the reliability of leading AI legal research tools. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 22(2), 216–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/jels.12413
Morrison, E. W. (2014). Employee voice and silence. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 1, 173–197. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-031413-091328
Naciones Unidas. (1990). Principios Básicos sobre la Función de los Abogados. Octavo Congreso de las Naciones Unidas sobre Prevención del Delito y Tratamiento del Delincuente.
National Task Force on Lawyer Well-Being. (2017). The path to lawyer well-being: Practical recommendations for positive change. American Bar Association.
Nickum, M., & Desrumaux, P. (2023). Burnout among lawyers: Effects of workload, latitude and mediation via engagement and over-engagement. Psychiatry, Psychology and Law, 30(3), 349–361.
Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral development: Advances in research and theory. Praeger.
Rhode, D. L. (2000). In the interests of justice: Reforming the legal profession. Oxford University Press.
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-determination theory: Basic psychological needs in motivation, development, and wellness. Guilford Press.
Sullivan, W. M., Colby, A., Wegner, J. W., Bond, L., & Shulman, L. S. (2007). Educating lawyers: Preparation for the profession of law. Jossey-Bass.
Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37(3), 513–548. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-5893.3703002
Torraco, R. J. (2005). Writing integrative literature reviews: Guidelines and examples. Human Resource Development Review, 4(3), 356–367. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484305278283
Treviño, L. K., Butterfield, K. D., & McCabe, D. L. (1998). The ethical context in organizations: Influences on employee attitudes and behaviors. Business Ethics Quarterly, 8(3), 447–476. https://doi.org/10.2307/3857431
Tronto, J. C. (1993). Moral boundaries: A political argument for an ethic of care. Routledge.
Tyler, T. R. (2006). Why people obey the law. Princeton University Press.
Tyler, T. R., & Mentovich, A. (2023). Mechanisms of legal effect: Procedural justice theory. Center for Public Health Law Research.
United Nations Development Programme, & United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2016). Global study on legal aid: Global report. United Nations. https://www.unodc.org/documents/justice-and-prison-reform/LegalAid/Global_Study_on_Legal_Aid_-_FINAL.pdf
UNESCO. (2021). Recomendación sobre la Ética de la Inteligencia Artificial. UNESCO.
Unión Europea. (2024). Reglamento (UE) 2024/1689 del Parlamento Europeo y del Consejo, de 13 de junio de 2024, por el que se establecen normas armonizadas en materia de inteligencia artificial. Diario Oficial de la Unión Europea.
Walumbwa, F. O., Avolio, B. J., Gardner, W. L., Wernsing, T. S., & Peterson, S. J. (2008). Authentic leadership: Development and validation of a theory-based measure. Journal of Management, 34(1), 89–126. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307308913
Wendel, W. B. (2010). Lawyers and fidelity to law. Princeton University Press.
World Justice Project. (2019). Global insights on access to justice 2019. https://worldjusticeproject.org/sites/default/files/documents/WJP-A2J-2019.pdf
Publicado
2026-07-13
Cómo citar
Bonasa Alzuria, D. I. (2026). De la Deontología Mínima a la Legitimidad Profesional: Desarrollo del Modelo Alma Jurídica para la Abogacía del Siglo XXI. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 10(3), 6594-6619. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v10i3.24714
Número
Sección
Ciencias Jurídicas
Derechos de autor 2026 Dr. Ignacio Bonasa Alzuria
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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