Osteosarcopenia: actualización diagnóstica y terapéutica. ¿Síndrome geriátrico emergente o suma aritmética de dos condiciones?
Resumen
Objetivo. Sintetizar críticamente la evidencia sobre definición, diagnóstico, valor pronóstico y tratamiento de la osteosarcopenia, y determinar si la coexistencia de baja masa ósea y sarcopenia aporta utilidad incremental sobre sus componentes por separado. Diseño. Revisión narrativa de tipo crítico (taxonomía de Grant & Booth), con estrategia de búsqueda explícita y criterios de selección predefinidos. No constituye una revisión sistemática conforme a PRISMA 2020: no se realizó metaanálisis, evaluación formal del riesgo de sesgo ni cribado por duplicado. Fuentes. PubMed/MEDLINE desde el inicio de los registros hasta agosto de 2026, complementada con búsqueda semántica, priorizando documentos de consenso, revisiones sistemáticas con metaanálisis, ensayos aleatorizados y cohortes prospectivas. Síntesis principal. La prevalencia agrupada en mujeres posmenopáusicas es 15,6 % (IC 95 %: 9,6–24,3), con heterogeneidad extrema (I² = 97,1 %) atribuible a la ausencia de definición operativa unificada. En diseños transversales, la osteosarcopenia se asocia con fractura por fragilidad más intensamente que cualquiera de sus componentes (OR 3,70; IC 95 %: 1,94–7,04). El metaanálisis de estudios prospectivos con análisis formal de interacción no halló sinergia aditiva (RERI 0,35; IC 95 %: −0,22 a 0,91) ni multiplicativa (MR 1,21; IC 95 %: 0,90–1,62) para fractura incidente, y el riesgo resultó comparable al de la baja densidad mineral ósea aislada (RR 1,22; IC 95 %: 0,96–1,56). En enfermedad renal crónica avanzada y hemodiálisis el constructo sí superó a sus componentes, con la fuerza prensil como predictor dominante. El entrenamiento de resistencia progresiva con soporte nutricional es la única intervención con evidencia aleatorizada sobre ambos compartimentos; el beneficio revierte con rapidez tras el desentrenamiento. No existe fármaco aprobado para el componente muscular. Conclusiones. Con la evidencia actual, la osteosarcopenia constituye un marcador pronóstico robusto y un disparador de intervención multidominio, pero no un diagnóstico nosológicamente independiente. Su valor operativo reside en corregir dos omisiones sistemáticas del primer nivel: no se evalúa el músculo del paciente osteoporótico ni el hueso del paciente sarcopénico.
Descargas
Citas
Binkley N, Buehring B. Beyond FRAX: it's time to consider "sarco-osteopenia". J Clin Densitom. 2009;12(4):413-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocd.2009.06.004
Kirk B, Miller S, Zanker J, Duque G. A clinical guide to the pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of osteosarcopenia. Maturitas. 2020;140:27-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.maturitas.2020.05.012
Bauer JM, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Fielding RA, Kanis JA, Reginster JY, Bruyère O, et al. Is there enough evidence for osteosarcopenic obesity as a distinct entity? A critical literature review. Calcif Tissue Int. 2019;105(2):109-24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00223-019-00561-w
Lin YH, Shih YT, Teng MMH. The impact of the "osteo" component of osteosarcopenia on fragility fractures in post-menopausal women. Int J Mol Sci. 2021;22(10):5256. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105256
Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, Boirie Y, Bruyère O, Cederholm T, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing. 2019;48(1):16-31. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afy169
Chen LK, Woo J, Assantachai P, Auyeung TW, Chou MY, Iijima K, et al. Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia: 2019 consensus update on sarcopenia diagnosis and treatment. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2020;21(3):300-307.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2019.12.012
Sanchez-Rodriguez D, Bellanger A, Iconaru L, Baleanu F, Hambye AS, de Filette J, et al. Osteosarcopenia, sarcopenia, and their associations with validated recent fragility fractures in older women: applying seven definitions in the FRISBEE 2 study. Eur Geriatr Med. 2025;16(5):1759-70. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41999-025-01273-1
Kirk B, Cawthon PM, Arai H, Ávila-Funes JA, Barazzoni R, Bhasin S, et al. The conceptual definition of sarcopenia: Delphi consensus from the Global Leadership Initiative in Sarcopenia (GLIS). Age Ageing. 2024;53(3):afae052. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afae052
Kirk B, Cawthon PM, Arai H, Ávila-Funes JA, Barazzoni R, Bhasin S, et al. An executive summary on the global conceptual definition of sarcopenia. Aging Clin Exp Res. 2024;36(1):153. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40520-024-02798-4
Donini LM, Busetto L, Bischoff SC, Cederholm T, Ballesteros-Pomar MD, Batsis JA, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria for sarcopenic obesity: ESPEN and EASO consensus statement. Clin Nutr. 2022;41(4):990-1000. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2021.11.014
Gortan Cappellari G, Zanetti M, Donini LM, Barazzoni R. Detecting sarcopenia in obesity: emerging new approaches. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2024;27(5):402-9. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000001062
Bruyère O, Cavalier E, Reginster JY. Vitamin D and osteosarcopenia: an update from epidemiological studies. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2017;20(6):498-503. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000411
Inoue T, Shimizu A, Murotani K, Satake S, Matsui Y, Arai H, et al. Exploring biomarkers of osteosarcopenia in older adults attending a frailty clinic. Exp Gerontol. 2022;172:112047. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2022.112047
Yu KQ, Ye TT, Zhao WQ. Prevalence of osteosarcopenia in postmenopausal women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Endocrinol Invest. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-026-02900-9
Pérez-Sousa MÁ, Del Pozo-Cruz J, Cano-Gutiérrez CA, Izquierdo M, Ramírez-Vélez R. High prevalence of probable sarcopenia in a representative sample from Colombia: implications for geriatrics in Latin America. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2021;22(4):859-864.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jamda.2020.10.021
Ramírez-Vélez R, Izquierdo M, García-Hermoso A, Ordoñez-Mora LT, Cano-Gutierrez C, Campo-Lucumí F, et al. Sit to stand muscle power reference values and their association with adverse events in Colombian older adults. Sci Rep. 2022;12(1):11820. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-15757-8
O'Donovan G, Sarmiento OL, Hessel P, Muniz-Terrera G, Duran-Aniotz C, Ibáñez A. Associations of body mass index and sarcopenia with screen-detected mild cognitive impairment in older adults in Colombia. Front Nutr. 2022;9:1011967. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2022.1011967
Tausendfreund O, Ferrari U, Held C, Martini S, Mueller K, Reif H, et al. The Munich Sarcopenia Registry (MUSAR): paving the way for increased visibility, more frequent diagnoses and innovative new treatment. Z Gerontol Geriatr. 2025;58(3):197-202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00391-025-02428-2
Chew J, Yeo A, Yew S, Tan CN, Lim JP, Hafizah Ismail N, et al. Nutrition mediates the relationship between osteosarcopenia and frailty: a pathway analysis. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):2957. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12102957
Glavas C, Ryan JR, Ó Breasail M, Gandham A, Ebeling PR, Mesinovic J, et al. Does osteosarcopenia synergistically increase risk for incident falls and fractures? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoporos Int. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-026-07967-x
Lu AZ, Lam FMH, Leung J, Auyeung TW, Lee J, Lai KS, et al. Improving hip fracture prediction by using sarcopenia-specific cut-offs of T-scores for osteosarcopenia: a prospective cohort study. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle. 2026;17(4):e70348. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcsm.70348
Nakano Y, Mandai S, Naito S, Fujiki T, Mori Y, Ando F, et al. Effect of osteosarcopenia on longitudinal mortality risk and chronic kidney disease progression in older adults. Bone. 2023;179:116975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2023.116975
Yoshikoshi S, Yamamoto S, Suzuki Y, Imamura K, Harada M, Kamiya K, et al. Prevalence of osteosarcopenia and its association with mortality and fractures among patients undergoing hemodialysis. J Bone Miner Metab. 2024;42(3):326-34. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00774-024-01503-9
Burton AN, Gharibzadeh S, Funnell MP, Khunti K, Watson EL, Wilkinson TJ. The diagnostic accuracy of biological markers of sarcopenia, sarcopenic obesity, and osteosarcopenia: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. Health Sci Rep. 2025;8(10):e71307. https://doi.org/10.1002/hsr2.71307
Kemmler W, Kohl M, Fröhlich M, Jakob F, Engelke K, von Stengel S, et al. Effects of high-intensity resistance training on osteopenia and sarcopenia parameters in older men with osteosarcopenia — one-year results of the randomized controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). J Bone Miner Res. 2020;35(9):1634-44. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbmr.4027
Kemmler W, Kohl M, Fröhlich M, Schoene D, von Stengel S. Detraining effects after 18 months of high intensity resistance training on osteosarcopenia in older men — six-month follow-up of the randomized controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST). Bone. 2020;142:115772. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bone.2020.115772
Kemmler W, Schoene D, Kohl M, von Stengel S. Changes in body composition and cardiometabolic health after detraining in older men with osteosarcopenia: 6-month follow-up of the randomized controlled Franconian Osteopenia and Sarcopenia Trial (FrOST) study. Clin Interv Aging. 2021;16:571-82. https://doi.org/10.2147/CIA.S299867
Lee BC, Kim KI, Lee J, Cho KH, Moon C. Effects of resistance training on osteosarcopenia in community-dwelling postmenopausal Korean women: randomised controlled ERTO-K trial. Exp Gerontol. 2025;209:112869. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.exger.2025.112869
Lee BC, Lee J, Cho KH, Moon C. Six-month follow-up after effects of resistance training on osteosarcopenia in postmenopausal Korean women (ERTO-K study): a randomized controlled trial. Gerontology. 2026:1-9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000552519
Hernandez-Martinez J, Branco BHM, Vasquez-Carrasco E, Cid-Calfucura I, Herrera-Valenzuela T, Guzmán-Muñoz E, et al. Effects of strength training on body composition, physical performance, and protein or calcium intake in older people with osteosarcopenia: a meta-analysis. Nutrients. 2025;17(17):2852. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172852
Memel Z, Gold SL, Pearlman M, Muratore A, Martindale R. Impact of GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy in patients high risk for sarcopenia. Curr Nutr Rep. 2025;14(1):63. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13668-025-00649-w
Moscucci F, Baratta F, Pastori D, Menichelli D, Mattioli AV, Gallina S, et al. A narrative review on GLP-1 receptor agonists for obesity in older women: maximizing weight loss while preserving lean mass. Nutrients. 2026;18(4):632. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu18040632
Al Rashid S, Gopalakrishnan AV, Maideen NMP, Almalki RS. Evaluating the impact of SGLT-2 inhibitors on frailty in older adults: a clinical review. Curr Drug Saf. 2025. https://doi.org/10.2174/0115748863365749250
Derechos de autor 2026 Rosa Ines Rueda Amaya , Silvia Catalina Gutierrez Herrera, Nicolas Mauricio Rodriguez Gonzalez, Silvia Juliana Arenas Arenas , Jorge Eduardo Vega Parra

Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.









.png)
















.png)
1.png)

