Desarrollo Psicosocial en Niños Niñas y Adolescentes y la Influencia de la Negligencia Familiar
Palabras clave:
negligencia familiar, desatención parental, desarrollo psicosocial, psicología forense, evaluación pericial
Resumen
La protección de la infancia representa a nivel global un imperativo para la promoción del desarrollo humano; sin embargo, en este contexto la negligencia parental se erige como el maltrato infantil más frecuente e ignorado. Para analizar la importancia de la negligencia parental en el desarrollo psicosocial infantil, resumir sus afectaciones, establecer sus implicaciones en la pericia forense, se elaboró una revisión bibliográfica sistemática conforme a la declaración PRISMA. Se realizó una búsqueda en las bases de datos Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, PsycINFO y SciELO de literatura publicada entre 2919 y 2026 específicamente sobre la desatención parental de niños y niñas entre, la selección se realizó mediante la revisión a doble ciego, y se evaluó el riesgo de sesgo con la escala Newcastle-Ottawa y herramientas del NIH. Los resultados demuestran que la desatención parental actúa como un estresor crónico y materializa cambios en la arquitectura cerebral (eje HHA), provoca patrones desorganizados de apego y menoscaba las funciones ejecutivas por lo que genera retrasos evolutivos en la primera infancia, bajo rendimiento académico en la niñez, e impulsividad, sintomatología depresiva o conductas disociales en la adolescencia. Asimismo, se hallaron sesgos por autoinformes parentales y su urgencia de diferenciar pericialmente la negligencia de la pobreza estructural para el contexto psicolegal del Ecuador. En conclusión, la desatención es un estresor que produce un impacto acumulativo en el desarrollo del menor; la práctica forense debe recurrir a protocolos estandarizados, multimétodo y multifuente que permitan emitirse dictámenes objetivos, impedir la institucionalización no justificada y se fundamenten medidas de protección integral partiendo del interés superior de la niñez.
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Citas
Assink, M., van der Put, C. E., Meeuwsen, M. W. H., de Jong, N. M., Oort, F. J., Stams, G. J. J. M., & Hoeve, M. (2021). The risk factors for child maltreatment recurrence: A comprehensive meta-analysis. Child Abuse & Neglect, 111, Article 104772.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104772
Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review of systematic reviews. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(4), 896–915.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018821956
García-López, E., Tapias, A., & Mercado, M. (2022). Victimología forense y evaluación del daño en la infancia: Estándares internacionales y su aplicación en el fuero de protección. Revista Criminalidad, 64(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.47741/1234.5678.v64n2
Maguire-Jack, K., Font, S. A., Dillard, R., & Lopez, W. (2021). Disentangling poverty and neglect: The role of economic hardship in child welfare involvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 129, Article 106194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106194
Mullins, S. M., Doyle, O. O., & Standard, S. E. (2023). Psychological outcomes of emotional neglect in adolescence: A longitudinal assessment of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 95(3), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12134
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2021). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 18(5), e1003604.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003604
Strathearn, L., Giannotti, M., Mills, R., Kisely, S., Najman, J., & Abajobir, A. A. (2020). Long-term cognitive, psychological, and health outcomes of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics, 146(4), e20200438. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0438
Violato, E., Violato, C., & King, A. (2021). The impact of childhood neglect on adolescent psychopathology and social adaptation: A structural equation modeling approach. Adolescent Psychiatry, 11(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676611666210810123045
Aco, A., Maguire-Jack, K., & Font, S. A. (2022). The conceptualization and measurement of child neglect: A critical review of definitions and operationalizations in empirical research. Child Abuse & Neglect, 128, Article 105612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105612
Baldwin, H., Eisenstadt, M., & Waid, J. (2021). The neurobiological and psychological impact of early chronic neglect: A developmental perspective on trauma and intervention. Developmental Review, 61, Article 100978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100978
Chowdhury, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2023). Types and dimensions of parental neglect in vulnerable populations: Operationalizing non-physical maltreatment in forensic child psychology. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(4), 1102–1117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02489-y
Dubowitz, H., Lane, W. G., & Semiatin, J. N. (2021). Assessing child neglect in primary care and forensic settings: Instrument validation and practical guidelines. Child Maltreatment, 26(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520967321
Eldridge, R., Feely, M., & Mercer, F. (2023). Intergenerational transmission of emotional neglect: The role of parental reflective functioning and attachment security. Attachment & Human Development, 25(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2022.2134589
Font, S. A., Gershoff, E. T., & Taylor, C. A. (2022). Ecological risk factors for child neglect: Distinguishing structural poverty from parental incapacity in child welfare decisions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 92(3), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000612
Guastaferro, K., Shenk, C. E., & Noll, J. G. (2021). Differentiating child neglect from economic hardship: Implications for forensic evaluation and child protective services policy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(4), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000318
Bernier, A., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2022). Longitudinal trajectories of psychosocial development in neglected children: The protective role of early executive functioning. Developmental Psychology, 58(4), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001321
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020). Early deprivation and developmental trajectories of brain structure and psychosocial functioning from childhood to adolescence. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 5(11), 1018–1027.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.012
Mewton, L., Visontay, R., & Chapman, C. (2021). The global burden of developmental disruption following childhood emotional neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(8), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00156-8
Perry, R. E., Blair, C., & Sullivan, R. M. (2022). Neurobiology of neglect and attachment disruption: Cortisol dysregulation and frontostriatal connectivity in developing children. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 135, Article 104589.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104589
Tarren-Sweeney, M. (2021). Assessment of complex developmental trauma and attachment disorganization in children exposed to chronic neglect: A guide for forensic clinicians. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14(3), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00332-9
VanTieghem, M. R., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., & Tottenham, N. (2021). Institutional neglect and affective development: Amygdala-prefrontal circuitry and emotional dysregulation across development. Developmental Science, 24(2), e13045. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13045
Fazel, S., Smith, E. J., & Knight, M. (2023). Risk factors for child maltreatment and neglect in vulnerable populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1420–1436. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211068210
García-López, E., & Tapias, A. (2022). Evaluación de la deseabilidad social y disimulación en el fuero de protección infantil: Retos metodológicos en peritajes psicolegales. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología Jurídica, 12(1), 45–61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ripj.2021.10.002
Gibbon, K., Meyer, S., & Taylor, P. (2020). Assessing the risk of bias in observational studies of child neglect: Application of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108, Article 104642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104642
Hernández-Alas, R. (2021). Metodología de la investigación científica y revisiones sistemáticas en ciencias sociales. Editorial Académica Universitaria.
Jurjako, M., Bošnjak, M., & Brazil, I. (2023). Methodological rigor and systematic review protocols in forensic psychology and psychiatry. Journal of Criminal Justice, 86, Article 102045.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102045
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2020). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pomahuacre-Carhuayal, L., & Loza-Andrade, O. (2022). Validez y sesgos de respuesta en cuestionarios de autorreporte parental sobre omisión de cuidados. Revista de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 30(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.5093/cl2022a10
Rodríguez-Arias, J., & Palacios, J. (2024). Desatención parental y desarrollo psicosocial: Un análisis cualitativo y sistemático. Ediciones Pirámide.
Yakeley, J. (2018). Psychodynamic approaches and risk of bias in forensic mental health evaluations. BJPsych Advances, 24(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2017.15
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104772
Austin, A. E., Lesak, A. M., & Shanahan, M. E. (2020). Risk and protective factors for child maltreatment: A review of systematic reviews. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 21(4), 896–915.
https://doi.org/10.1177/1524838018821956
García-López, E., Tapias, A., & Mercado, M. (2022). Victimología forense y evaluación del daño en la infancia: Estándares internacionales y su aplicación en el fuero de protección. Revista Criminalidad, 64(2), 77–93. https://doi.org/10.47741/1234.5678.v64n2
Maguire-Jack, K., Font, S. A., Dillard, R., & Lopez, W. (2021). Disentangling poverty and neglect: The role of economic hardship in child welfare involvement. Children and Youth Services Review, 129, Article 106194. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2021.106194
Mullins, S. M., Doyle, O. O., & Standard, S. E. (2023). Psychological outcomes of emotional neglect in adolescence: A longitudinal assessment of internalizing and externalizing behaviors. Journal of Adolescence, 95(3), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1002/jad.12134
Norman, R. E., Byambaa, M., De, R., Butchart, A., Scott, J., & Vos, T. (2021). The long-term health consequences of child physical abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS Medicine, 18(5), e1003604.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003604
Strathearn, L., Giannotti, M., Mills, R., Kisely, S., Najman, J., & Abajobir, A. A. (2020). Long-term cognitive, psychological, and health outcomes of child abuse and neglect. Pediatrics, 146(4), e20200438. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-0438
Violato, E., Violato, C., & King, A. (2021). The impact of childhood neglect on adolescent psychopathology and social adaptation: A structural equation modeling approach. Adolescent Psychiatry, 11(2), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.2174/2210676611666210810123045
Aco, A., Maguire-Jack, K., & Font, S. A. (2022). The conceptualization and measurement of child neglect: A critical review of definitions and operationalizations in empirical research. Child Abuse & Neglect, 128, Article 105612. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105612
Baldwin, H., Eisenstadt, M., & Waid, J. (2021). The neurobiological and psychological impact of early chronic neglect: A developmental perspective on trauma and intervention. Developmental Review, 61, Article 100978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dr.2021.100978
Chowdhury, D., & Mukherjee, S. (2023). Types and dimensions of parental neglect in vulnerable populations: Operationalizing non-physical maltreatment in forensic child psychology. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 32(4), 1102–1117. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-022-02489-y
Dubowitz, H., Lane, W. G., & Semiatin, J. N. (2021). Assessing child neglect in primary care and forensic settings: Instrument validation and practical guidelines. Child Maltreatment, 26(2), 185–198. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077559520967321
Eldridge, R., Feely, M., & Mercer, F. (2023). Intergenerational transmission of emotional neglect: The role of parental reflective functioning and attachment security. Attachment & Human Development, 25(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/14616734.2022.2134589
Font, S. A., Gershoff, E. T., & Taylor, C. A. (2022). Ecological risk factors for child neglect: Distinguishing structural poverty from parental incapacity in child welfare decisions. American Journal of Orthopsychiatry, 92(3), 310–324. https://doi.org/10.1037/ort0000612
Guastaferro, K., Shenk, C. E., & Noll, J. G. (2021). Differentiating child neglect from economic hardship: Implications for forensic evaluation and child protective services policy. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 27(4), 512–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/law0000318
Bernier, A., Calkins, S. D., & Bell, M. A. (2022). Longitudinal trajectories of psychosocial development in neglected children: The protective role of early executive functioning. Developmental Psychology, 58(4), 682–696. https://doi.org/10.1037/dev0001321
Humphreys, K. L., King, L. S., & Gotlib, I. H. (2020). Early deprivation and developmental trajectories of brain structure and psychosocial functioning from childhood to adolescence. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging, 5(11), 1018–1027.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2020.06.012
Mewton, L., Visontay, R., & Chapman, C. (2021). The global burden of developmental disruption following childhood emotional neglect: A systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Psychiatry, 8(8), 695–708. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(21)00156-8
Perry, R. E., Blair, C., & Sullivan, R. M. (2022). Neurobiology of neglect and attachment disruption: Cortisol dysregulation and frontostriatal connectivity in developing children. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 135, Article 104589.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104589
Tarren-Sweeney, M. (2021). Assessment of complex developmental trauma and attachment disorganization in children exposed to chronic neglect: A guide for forensic clinicians. Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma, 14(3), 321–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40653-020-00332-9
VanTieghem, M. R., Gabard-Durnam, L. J., & Tottenham, N. (2021). Institutional neglect and affective development: Amygdala-prefrontal circuitry and emotional dysregulation across development. Developmental Science, 24(2), e13045. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.13045
Fazel, S., Smith, E. J., & Knight, M. (2023). Risk factors for child maltreatment and neglect in vulnerable populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 24(3), 1420–1436. https://doi.org/10.1177/15248380211068210
García-López, E., & Tapias, A. (2022). Evaluación de la deseabilidad social y disimulación en el fuero de protección infantil: Retos metodológicos en peritajes psicolegales. Revista Iberoamericana de Psicología Jurídica, 12(1), 45–61.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ripj.2021.10.002
Gibbon, K., Meyer, S., & Taylor, P. (2020). Assessing the risk of bias in observational studies of child neglect: Application of the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Child Abuse & Neglect, 108, Article 104642. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104642
Hernández-Alas, R. (2021). Metodología de la investigación científica y revisiones sistemáticas en ciencias sociales. Editorial Académica Universitaria.
Jurjako, M., Bošnjak, M., & Brazil, I. (2023). Methodological rigor and systematic review protocols in forensic psychology and psychiatry. Journal of Criminal Justice, 86, Article 102045.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2023.102045
Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & PRISMA Group. (2020). The PRISMA 2020 statement: An updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ, 372, Article n71.
https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71
Pomahuacre-Carhuayal, L., & Loza-Andrade, O. (2022). Validez y sesgos de respuesta en cuestionarios de autorreporte parental sobre omisión de cuidados. Revista de Psicología Clínica y de la Salud, 30(2), 115–128. https://doi.org/10.5093/cl2022a10
Rodríguez-Arias, J., & Palacios, J. (2024). Desatención parental y desarrollo psicosocial: Un análisis cualitativo y sistemático. Ediciones Pirámide.
Yakeley, J. (2018). Psychodynamic approaches and risk of bias in forensic mental health evaluations. BJPsych Advances, 24(2), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1192/bja.2017.15
Publicado
2026-10-09
Cómo citar
Gilces Delgado , J. J., Intriago Solorzano, D. G., & Navia Cedeño, A. K. (2026). Desarrollo Psicosocial en Niños Niñas y Adolescentes y la Influencia de la Negligencia Familiar. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 10(5), 1632-1657. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v10i5.26053
Número
Sección
Ciencias Sociales y Humanas
Derechos de autor 2026 Johana Jamileth Gilces Delgado , Diego Gregorio Intriago Solorzano, Antonia Katherine Navia Cedeño
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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