Comportamiento epidemiológico, factores relacionados y estrategias de control en la emergencia y reemergencia de enfermedades infecciosas infantiles en Latinoamérica: una revisión sistemática
Resumen
Las enfermedades emergentes y reemergentes representan una amenaza para la salud pública en América Latina, afectando especialmente a la población infantil. Esta investigación analiza su comportamiento epidemiológico, los factores que influyen en su aparición y las estrategias de control implementadas. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos publicados entre 2019 y 2024, siguiendo la metodología PRISMA. Se seleccionaron 21 estudios sobre dengue, tuberculosis, leptospirosis y COVID-19. Los resultados destacan la influencia de factores como pobreza, desigualdad, cambio climático, urbanización y deforestación en la propagación de vectores y patógenos. En Brasil, la deforestación y las condiciones socioeconómicas adversas favorecen brotes de chikunguña y leishmaniasis. Las estrategias de control incluyen tecnologías avanzadas, como drones para monitoreo de criaderos y modelos predictivos basados en inteligencia artificial, además de intervenciones biológicas como la liberación de mosquitos con Wolbachia. Se concluye que es fundamental fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica, invertir en sistemas de salud resilientes y abordar las desigualdades estructurales. Asimismo, se resalta la necesidad de políticas integrales que consideren factores sociales, ambientales y políticos, promoviendo la colaboración regional para mejorar la prevención y el manejo de estas enfermedades.
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