Premediación Anestésica y Factores de Riesgo del Delirium de Emergencia en Niños Sometidos a Cirugía
Palabras clave:
delirium de emergencia, anestesia pediátrica, premedicación, dexmedetomidina, midazolam
Resumen
Antecedentes: El delirium de emergencia afecta principalmente a menores de 6 años, con una incidencia reportada entre 25%-80% Objetivo: Describir la asociación entre premedicación anestésica y la modificación de los factores de riesgo del delirio de emergencia en los pacientes pediátricos sometidos a cirugía electiva Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional descriptivo en 169 pacientes. Formamos tres grupos: no premedicados, premedicados con midazolam y con dexmedetomidina. Se recolectaron datos sobre el llanto previo al ingreso a quirófano, aceptación de mascarilla facial, dolor y tiempo de estancia en recuperación. Se aplicó estadística descriptiva, Odds Ratio y Chi cuadrada Resultados: En el grupo de niños no premedicados, la tasa de llanto incontrolable ante la separación (56.6%) fue mayor, mientras que la tasa de aceptación de mascarilla fue más baja (26.5%), respecto a los si premedicados. Se presentaron 21 casos de delirium de emergencia, 19 de ellos fueron en pacientes no premedicados. Los pacientes premedicados tienen 0.08 veces menos probabilidad de presentar delirium de emergencia que los pacientes que no fueron premedicados (OR=0.08) (P <0.05) Conclusión: La premedicación con midazolam y, especialmente, con dexmedetomidina es eficaz para modificar los factores de riesgo del delirium de emergencia.
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Jerez, C., Lahuerta, L., Fernández, V., et al. (2023). Evaluación enfermera de la ansiedad prequirúrgica pediátrica: Estudio cualitativo. Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem, 31, e3738. https://www.scielo.br/j/rlae/a/F3Wk4LsCSKjSsFgf9KFjTCy/?lang=es&format=pdf
Zadrazil, M., Marhofer, P., Schmid, W., et al. (2022). ADV6209 for premedication in pediatric anesthesia: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Pharmaceutics, 14, 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102062
Sbaraglia, F., Cuomo, C., Della Sala, F., et al. (2024). State of the art in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review about the use of preoperative time. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14, 182. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10890671/pdf/jpm-14-00182.pdf
Heikal, S., & Stuart, G. (2020). Anxiolytic premedication for children. BJA Education, 20, 220–225. https://www.bjaed.org/action/showPdf?pii=S2058-5349%2820%2930031-7
Vaishnavi, B. D., Goyal, S., Sharma, A., et al. (2023). Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine-midazolam, dexmedetomidine-ketamine, and midazolam-ketamine for premedication in paediatric patients: A double-blinded randomized trial. Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, 55, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2023.129276
Gallego, D., & Zuluaga, M. (2023). Sedación del paciente pediátrico. Revista Chilena de Anestesia, 52, 244–250. https://revistachilenadeanestesia.cl/PII/revchilanestv5203021348.pdf
Muñoz, M., & Gonzales, J. (2021). Comportamiento del midazolam administrado con tres diferentes vehículos para sedación consciente: Estudio retrospectivo. Odontología Pediátrica, 20, 8–15. https://op.spo.com.pe/index.php/odontologiapediatrica/article/view/157/140
Lethin, M., Paluska, M., Peterson, T., et al. (2023). Midazolam for anesthetic premedication in children: Considerations and alternatives. Cureus, 15, 1–7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10711689/pdf/cureus-0015-00000050309.pdf
Freriksen, J., Van der Zanden, T., Holsappel, I., et al. (2022). Best evidence-based dosing recommendations for dexmedetomidine for premedication and procedural sedation in pediatrics: Outcome of a risk-benefit analysis by the Dutch Pediatric Formulary. Pediatric Drugs, 24, 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-022-00498-y
Van Rensburg, E., Indiveri, L., & Mongane, P. (2025). The perioperative use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. Children, 12, 1–11. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/6/690
Verma, S., Bhatia, P. K., Sharma, V., et al. (2022). Comparison of intranasal and nebulized dexmedetomidine for premedication in pediatric patients: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 38, 617–623. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9912882/pdf/JOACP-38-617.pdf
Dharamkhele, S. A., Singh, S., Honwad, M. S., et al. (2022). Comparative evaluation of nebulized ketamine and its combination with dexmedetomidine as premedication for paediatric patients undergoing surgeries under general anaesthesia. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 78, S2213–S2218. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9485766/
Bali, A., Dang, A., González, D., et al. (2022). Clinical uses of ketamine in children: A narrative review. Cureus, 14, 1–10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9389002/pdf/cureus-0014-00000027065.pdf
Simonini, A., Brogi, E., Cascella, M., et al. (2022). Advantages of ketamine in pediatric anesthesia. Open Medicine, 17(1), 1134–1147. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9263896/pdf/med-2022-0509.pdf
Menser, C., & Smith, H. (2020). Emergence agitation and delirium: Considerations for epidemiology and routine monitoring in pediatric patients. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 13, 73–83. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7394591/pdf/lra-13-73.pdf
Paredes, S., & Jara, X. (2022). Delirium de emergencia en anestesia pediátrica. Revista Chilena de Anestesia, 51, 478–483. https://revistachilenadeanestesia.cl/PII/revchilanestv5114061036.pdf
Gao, X., Li, Z., Chai, J., et al. (2024). Electroencephalographic insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of emergence delirium in children and corresponding clinical treatment strategies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1–14. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1349105/full
Klabusayová, E., Musilová, T., Fabián, D., et al. (2022). Incidence of emergence delirium in the pediatric PACU: Prospective observational trial. Children, 9, 1591. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9600633/pdf/children-09-01591.pdf
Sudhakar, P., Mammen, P., Shankar, S., et al. (2022). Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale: A diagnostic meta-analysis. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 11, 196–205. https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.196
Epulef, V., Muñoz, S., Alarcón, A. M., et al. (2022). Spanish version of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation. BMC Anesthesiology, 22, 349. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9661762/pdf/12871_2022_Article_1893.pdf
Vázquez, S. B., García, S., & Molina, D. (2024). Delirium pediátrico en pacientes hospitalizados. Acta Pediátrica de México, 45, 3–9. https://ojs.actapediatrica.org.mx/index.php/APM/article/view/2667
Wang, L., Huang, L., Zhang, T., et al. (2020). Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: A randomised clinical trial. BioMed Research International, 2020, 5142913. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7196136/pdf/BMRI2020-5142913.pdf
Jeizan, P., Baharimehr, K., Kamvar, R., et al. (2025). Dexmedetomidine leads to less emergence delirium compared to midazolam in pediatric tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus, 17, e81686. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049695/pdf/cureus-0017-00000081686.pdf
Arun, N., Choudhary, A., & Kumar, M. (2022). Comparative study of intranasal dexmedetomidine versus intranasal ketamine as premedicant in children. Cureus, 14, e26572. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9351598/pdf/cureus-0014-00000026572.pdf
Lee-Archer, P., Ungern-Sternberg, B., Reade, M., et al. (2020). The effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative behaviour change in children: A randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia, 75, 1461–1468. https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/anae.15117
Barot, G., Patel, M., Patel, C., et al. (2025). Comparative effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in pediatric dental sedation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 25, 147–159. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12160033/pdf/jdapm-25-147.pdf
Chu, L., Wang, Y., Wang, S., et al. (2021). Intranasal dexmedetomidine accompanied by cartoon video preoperation for reducing emergence delirium in children undergoing strabismus surgery: A prospective randomized trial. Frontiers in Surgery, 8, 754591. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8569138/pdf/fsurg-08-754591.pdf
Shafa, A., Rajabi, F., Golkar, K., et al. (2022). Premedication propofol dose to prevent emergency delirium. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 304–311. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9699815/pdf/IJPS-17-304.pdf
Zhang, D., Jia, X., Lin, D., et al. (2023). Melatonin or its analogs as premedication to prevent emergence agitation in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiology, 23, 392–402. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10687973/pdf/12871_2023_Article_2356.pdf
Rao, Y., Zeng, R., Jiang, X., et al. (2020). The effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation or delirium in children after anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 329. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7381209/pdf/fped-08-00329.pdf
Amer, G., & Abdallah, M. (2022). Dexmedetomidine versus propofol for prevention of emergence delirium in pediatric cataract surgery: Double blinded randomized study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 38, 300–304. https://egja.journals.ekb.eg/article_387815_d4d9deb9b7e0926a473562bae9cb0608.pdf
Wijaya, A., Mahri, I., Firdaus, R., et al. (2021). Comparison of efficacy of premedication between dexmedetomidine and midazolam intranasal for the prevention of emergence delirium in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, 49, 439–444. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9472684/pdf/tjar-49-6-439.pdf
Cárdenas, V., Ávila, D., Barajas, W., et al. (2023). Premedication with midazolam in low-risk surgery in children does not reduce postoperative delirium: Prospective cohort study. Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology, 51, e1055. https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/1055/2186
Shen, F., Zhang, Q., Xu, Y., et al. (2022). Effect of intranasal dexmedetomidine or midazolam for premedication on the occurrence of respiratory adverse events in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 5, e2225473. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9364121/
Ahmed, W., Khan, M., Yasin, B., et al. (2024). Premedication with dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for prevention of emergence delirium in children. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 74, 1754. https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/view/8703/6671
Raman, S., Viswanathan, J., Surya, J., et al. (2023). Single-bolus dexmedetomidine in prevention of emergence delirium in pediatric ophthalmic surgeries: A randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 71, 2199–2203. https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2023/05000/single_bolus_dexmedetomidine_in_prevention_of.92.aspx
Wei, B., Yu, C., & Wang, W. (2024). The median effective dose of dexmedetomidine for the inhibition of emergence delirium in preschool children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy: A retrospective dose-response trial. SAGE Open Medicine, 22, 1–9. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/15593258241248919
Bromfalk, A., Hultin, M., Myrberg, T., et al. (2023). Postoperative recovery in preschool-aged children: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing premedication with midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine. Pediatric Anesthesia, 33, 962–972. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pan.14740
Shereef, M., Chaitali, B., Swapnadeep, S., et al. (2022). Role of nebulised dexmedetomidine, midazolam or ketamine as premedication in preschool children undergoing general anaesthesia: A prospective, double-blind, randomised study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 66, S200–S206. https://journals.lww.com/ijaweb/fulltext/2022/06004/Role_of_nebulised_dexmedetomidine,_midazolam_or.9.aspx
Kim, K., Jeong, J., & Choi, E. (2024). Non-pharmacological interventions for delirium in the pediatric population: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. BMC Pediatrics, 24, 108. https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12887-024-04595-4.pdf?utm_source=consensus
Satvaldieva, E., Shakarova, M., Mitryushkina, V., et al. (2024). Strategy for prediction and prevention of emergent delirium in children. International Scientific Journal, 3, 197–205. https://scientists.uz/uploads/202403/D-37.pdf
Kim, J., Byun, S., Kim, J., et al. (2021). Behavioral changes after hospital discharge in preschool children experiencing emergence delirium after general anesthesia: A prospective observational study. Pediatric Anesthesia, 31, 1056–1064. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pan.14259
Zadrazil, M., Marhofer, P., Schmid, W., et al. (2022). ADV6209 for premedication in pediatric anesthesia: A double-blinded, randomized controlled trial. Pharmaceutics, 14, 2062. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102062
Sbaraglia, F., Cuomo, C., Della Sala, F., et al. (2024). State of the art in pediatric anesthesia: A narrative review about the use of preoperative time. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14, 182. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10890671/pdf/jpm-14-00182.pdf
Heikal, S., & Stuart, G. (2020). Anxiolytic premedication for children. BJA Education, 20, 220–225. https://www.bjaed.org/action/showPdf?pii=S2058-5349%2820%2930031-7
Vaishnavi, B. D., Goyal, S., Sharma, A., et al. (2023). Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine-midazolam, dexmedetomidine-ketamine, and midazolam-ketamine for premedication in paediatric patients: A double-blinded randomized trial. Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, 55, 103–108. https://doi.org/10.5114/ait.2023.129276
Gallego, D., & Zuluaga, M. (2023). Sedación del paciente pediátrico. Revista Chilena de Anestesia, 52, 244–250. https://revistachilenadeanestesia.cl/PII/revchilanestv5203021348.pdf
Muñoz, M., & Gonzales, J. (2021). Comportamiento del midazolam administrado con tres diferentes vehículos para sedación consciente: Estudio retrospectivo. Odontología Pediátrica, 20, 8–15. https://op.spo.com.pe/index.php/odontologiapediatrica/article/view/157/140
Lethin, M., Paluska, M., Peterson, T., et al. (2023). Midazolam for anesthetic premedication in children: Considerations and alternatives. Cureus, 15, 1–7. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10711689/pdf/cureus-0015-00000050309.pdf
Freriksen, J., Van der Zanden, T., Holsappel, I., et al. (2022). Best evidence-based dosing recommendations for dexmedetomidine for premedication and procedural sedation in pediatrics: Outcome of a risk-benefit analysis by the Dutch Pediatric Formulary. Pediatric Drugs, 24, 247–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40272-022-00498-y
Van Rensburg, E., Indiveri, L., & Mongane, P. (2025). The perioperative use of dexmedetomidine in pediatric patients. Children, 12, 1–11. https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/6/690
Verma, S., Bhatia, P. K., Sharma, V., et al. (2022). Comparison of intranasal and nebulized dexmedetomidine for premedication in pediatric patients: A non-inferiority randomized controlled trial. Journal of Anaesthesiology Clinical Pharmacology, 38, 617–623. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9912882/pdf/JOACP-38-617.pdf
Dharamkhele, S. A., Singh, S., Honwad, M. S., et al. (2022). Comparative evaluation of nebulized ketamine and its combination with dexmedetomidine as premedication for paediatric patients undergoing surgeries under general anaesthesia. Medical Journal Armed Forces India, 78, S2213–S2218. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9485766/
Bali, A., Dang, A., González, D., et al. (2022). Clinical uses of ketamine in children: A narrative review. Cureus, 14, 1–10. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9389002/pdf/cureus-0014-00000027065.pdf
Simonini, A., Brogi, E., Cascella, M., et al. (2022). Advantages of ketamine in pediatric anesthesia. Open Medicine, 17(1), 1134–1147. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9263896/pdf/med-2022-0509.pdf
Menser, C., & Smith, H. (2020). Emergence agitation and delirium: Considerations for epidemiology and routine monitoring in pediatric patients. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 13, 73–83. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7394591/pdf/lra-13-73.pdf
Paredes, S., & Jara, X. (2022). Delirium de emergencia en anestesia pediátrica. Revista Chilena de Anestesia, 51, 478–483. https://revistachilenadeanestesia.cl/PII/revchilanestv5114061036.pdf
Gao, X., Li, Z., Chai, J., et al. (2024). Electroencephalographic insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms of emergence delirium in children and corresponding clinical treatment strategies. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 15, 1–14. https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/pharmacology/articles/10.3389/fphar.2024.1349105/full
Klabusayová, E., Musilová, T., Fabián, D., et al. (2022). Incidence of emergence delirium in the pediatric PACU: Prospective observational trial. Children, 9, 1591. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9600633/pdf/children-09-01591.pdf
Sudhakar, P., Mammen, P., Shankar, S., et al. (2022). Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium Scale: A diagnostic meta-analysis. World Journal of Clinical Pediatrics, 11, 196–205. https://dx.doi.org/10.5409/wjcp.v11.i2.196
Epulef, V., Muñoz, S., Alarcón, A. M., et al. (2022). Spanish version of the Pediatric Anesthesia Emergence Delirium scale: Translation and cross-cultural adaptation. BMC Anesthesiology, 22, 349. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9661762/pdf/12871_2022_Article_1893.pdf
Vázquez, S. B., García, S., & Molina, D. (2024). Delirium pediátrico en pacientes hospitalizados. Acta Pediátrica de México, 45, 3–9. https://ojs.actapediatrica.org.mx/index.php/APM/article/view/2667
Wang, L., Huang, L., Zhang, T., et al. (2020). Comparison of intranasal dexmedetomidine and oral midazolam for premedication in pediatric dental patients under general anesthesia: A randomised clinical trial. BioMed Research International, 2020, 5142913. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7196136/pdf/BMRI2020-5142913.pdf
Jeizan, P., Baharimehr, K., Kamvar, R., et al. (2025). Dexmedetomidine leads to less emergence delirium compared to midazolam in pediatric tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Cureus, 17, e81686. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12049695/pdf/cureus-0017-00000081686.pdf
Arun, N., Choudhary, A., & Kumar, M. (2022). Comparative study of intranasal dexmedetomidine versus intranasal ketamine as premedicant in children. Cureus, 14, e26572. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9351598/pdf/cureus-0014-00000026572.pdf
Lee-Archer, P., Ungern-Sternberg, B., Reade, M., et al. (2020). The effect of dexmedetomidine on postoperative behaviour change in children: A randomised controlled trial. Anaesthesia, 75, 1461–1468. https://associationofanaesthetists-publications.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/anae.15117
Barot, G., Patel, M., Patel, C., et al. (2025). Comparative effectiveness and safety of dexmedetomidine and midazolam in pediatric dental sedation: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, 25, 147–159. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12160033/pdf/jdapm-25-147.pdf
Chu, L., Wang, Y., Wang, S., et al. (2021). Intranasal dexmedetomidine accompanied by cartoon video preoperation for reducing emergence delirium in children undergoing strabismus surgery: A prospective randomized trial. Frontiers in Surgery, 8, 754591. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8569138/pdf/fsurg-08-754591.pdf
Shafa, A., Rajabi, F., Golkar, K., et al. (2022). Premedication propofol dose to prevent emergency delirium. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 17, 304–311. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9699815/pdf/IJPS-17-304.pdf
Zhang, D., Jia, X., Lin, D., et al. (2023). Melatonin or its analogs as premedication to prevent emergence agitation in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Anesthesiology, 23, 392–402. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10687973/pdf/12871_2023_Article_2356.pdf
Rao, Y., Zeng, R., Jiang, X., et al. (2020). The effect of dexmedetomidine on emergence agitation or delirium in children after anesthesia: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Frontiers in Pediatrics, 8, 329. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7381209/pdf/fped-08-00329.pdf
Amer, G., & Abdallah, M. (2022). Dexmedetomidine versus propofol for prevention of emergence delirium in pediatric cataract surgery: Double blinded randomized study. Egyptian Journal of Anaesthesia, 38, 300–304. https://egja.journals.ekb.eg/article_387815_d4d9deb9b7e0926a473562bae9cb0608.pdf
Wijaya, A., Mahri, I., Firdaus, R., et al. (2021). Comparison of efficacy of premedication between dexmedetomidine and midazolam intranasal for the prevention of emergence delirium in children undergoing ophthalmic surgery. Turkish Journal of Anaesthesiology and Reanimation, 49, 439–444. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9472684/pdf/tjar-49-6-439.pdf
Cárdenas, V., Ávila, D., Barajas, W., et al. (2023). Premedication with midazolam in low-risk surgery in children does not reduce postoperative delirium: Prospective cohort study. Colombian Journal of Anesthesiology, 51, e1055. https://www.revcolanest.com.co/index.php/rca/article/view/1055/2186
Shen, F., Zhang, Q., Xu, Y., et al. (2022). Effect of intranasal dexmedetomidine or midazolam for premedication on the occurrence of respiratory adverse events in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Network Open, 5, e2225473. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9364121/
Ahmed, W., Khan, M., Yasin, B., et al. (2024). Premedication with dexmedetomidine versus midazolam for prevention of emergence delirium in children. Pakistan Armed Forces Medical Journal, 74, 1754. https://www.pafmj.org/PAFMJ/article/view/8703/6671
Raman, S., Viswanathan, J., Surya, J., et al. (2023). Single-bolus dexmedetomidine in prevention of emergence delirium in pediatric ophthalmic surgeries: A randomized controlled trial. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology, 71, 2199–2203. https://journals.lww.com/ijo/fulltext/2023/05000/single_bolus_dexmedetomidine_in_prevention_of.92.aspx
Wei, B., Yu, C., & Wang, W. (2024). The median effective dose of dexmedetomidine for the inhibition of emergence delirium in preschool children undergoing tonsillectomy and/or adenoidectomy: A retrospective dose-response trial. SAGE Open Medicine, 22, 1–9. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/epub/10.1177/15593258241248919
Bromfalk, A., Hultin, M., Myrberg, T., et al. (2023). Postoperative recovery in preschool-aged children: A secondary analysis of a randomized controlled trial comparing premedication with midazolam, clonidine, and dexmedetomidine. Pediatric Anesthesia, 33, 962–972. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pan.14740
Shereef, M., Chaitali, B., Swapnadeep, S., et al. (2022). Role of nebulised dexmedetomidine, midazolam or ketamine as premedication in preschool children undergoing general anaesthesia: A prospective, double-blind, randomised study. Indian Journal of Anaesthesia, 66, S200–S206. https://journals.lww.com/ijaweb/fulltext/2022/06004/Role_of_nebulised_dexmedetomidine,_midazolam_or.9.aspx
Kim, K., Jeong, J., & Choi, E. (2024). Non-pharmacological interventions for delirium in the pediatric population: A systematic review with narrative synthesis. BMC Pediatrics, 24, 108. https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/counter/pdf/10.1186/s12887-024-04595-4.pdf?utm_source=consensus
Satvaldieva, E., Shakarova, M., Mitryushkina, V., et al. (2024). Strategy for prediction and prevention of emergent delirium in children. International Scientific Journal, 3, 197–205. https://scientists.uz/uploads/202403/D-37.pdf
Kim, J., Byun, S., Kim, J., et al. (2021). Behavioral changes after hospital discharge in preschool children experiencing emergence delirium after general anesthesia: A prospective observational study. Pediatric Anesthesia, 31, 1056–1064. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pan.14259
Publicado
2026-06-23
Cómo citar
Lucas Alarcón, C. Y., Alcazar Ramiro, G., Díaz Merino, G., Gómez Escamilla, V. I., & Bonilla Pérez , U. (2026). Premediación Anestésica y Factores de Riesgo del Delirium de Emergencia en Niños Sometidos a Cirugía. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 10(3), 3266-3282. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v10i3.24351
Número
Sección
Ciencias de la Salud
Derechos de autor 2026 Clara Yuritza Lucas Alarcón, Guadalupe Alcazar Ramiro, Gerardo Díaz Merino, Violeta Isamar Gómez Escamilla, Uriel Bonilla Pérez
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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