Utilidad de la Escala Caprini para la Estratificación del Riesgo Tromboembólico en Cirugía Plástica: Revisión Sistemática y Metaanálisis
Resumen
Introducción. El tromboembolismo venoso (TEV), que incluye la trombosis venosa profunda y el embolismo pulmonar, constituye una de las complicaciones potencialmente más graves en cirugía plástica. Aunque su incidencia absoluta es relativamente baja, las consecuencias clínicas pueden ser severas, por lo que la identificación preoperatoria de pacientes con mayor riesgo representa una prioridad para optimizar las estrategias de tromboprofilaxis. La escala Caprini es actualmente la herramienta de estratificación de riesgo más utilizada en cirugía plástica; sin embargo, la evidencia sobre su desempeño pronóstico en esta población no ha sido sintetizada de manera integral. Objetivo. Evaluar la utilidad de la escala Caprini para la estratificación del riesgo de eventos tromboembólicos venosos en pacientes sometidos a cirugía plástica mediante una revisión sistemática y metanálisis. Métodos. Se realizó una revisión sistemática de acuerdo con las recomendaciones PRISMA 2020. Se efectuó una búsqueda en PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science hasta mayo de 2026. Se incluyeron estudios originales que evaluaran la utilidad de la escala Caprini para predecir TEV en cirugía plástica estética o reconstructiva. Se realizó síntesis cualitativa de la evidencia disponible sobre estratificación de riesgo, asociación pronóstica, comparación con otros modelos y capacidad discriminativa de Caprini. Adicionalmente, se efectuó un metanálisis de proporciones para estimar la incidencia agrupada de TEV en estudios que utilizaron la escala Caprini. Resultados. Se identificaron 245 registros, de los cuales 13 estudios originales fueron incluidos en la síntesis cualitativa y 6 en el metaanálisis. Los estudios mostraron consistentemente que puntuaciones más elevadas de la escala Caprini se asociaron con una mayor frecuencia de eventos tromboembólicos. Los mayores efectos fueron reportados en pacientes con puntuaciones ≥7 y >8, con razones de momios de hasta 19.5. La incidencia agrupada de TEV fue de 2.35% (IC95%: 1.25–4.39%), con heterogeneidad considerable entre estudios (I²=70.7%). Conclusiones. La evidencia disponible respalda la utilidad clínica de la escala Caprini para la estratificación del riesgo tromboembólico en cirugía plástica. Los pacientes con puntuaciones elevadas presentan una mayor probabilidad de desarrollar TEV; sin embargo, la evidencia sobre discriminación y calibración continúa siendo limitada.
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Pannucci CJ, Dreszer G, Wachtman CF, Bailey SH, Portschy PR, Hamill JB, et al. Postoperative enoxaparin prevents symptomatic venous thromboembolism in high-risk plastic surgery patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2011 Nov;128(5):1093–103. doi:10.1097/PRS.0B013E31822B6817 PubMed PMID: 22030491.
Pannucci CJ, Barta RJ, Portschy PR, Dreszer G, Hoxworth RE, Kalliainen LK, et al. Assessment of postoperative venous thromboembolism risk in plastic surgery patients using the 2005 and 2010 Caprini Risk score. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2012 Aug;130(2):343–53. doi:10.1097/PRS.0B013E3182589E49 PubMed PMID: 22495215.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Francisco Javier Sanchez Vazquez

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