Neuroinflamación como diana terapéutica en la enfermedad de Alzheimer: avances clínicos y perspectivas futuras
Resumen
Introducción: La neuroinflamación ha adquirido creciente relevancia en la fisiopatología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer por su interacción con la acumulación de β-amiloide, la patología tau, la disfunción sináptica y la neurodegeneración. Microglía, astrocitos y múltiples vías de señalización inmunitaria constituyen potenciales dianas terapéuticas. Objetivo: Sintetizar la evidencia disponible sobre los mecanismos neuroinflamatorios implicados en la enfermedad de Alzheimer, las estrategias terapéuticas dirigidas a estos procesos y sus perspectivas de traducción clínica. Metodología: Se planteó una revisión sistemática cualitativa conforme a PRISMA 2020, con búsqueda en bases de datos biomédicas y selección de estudios relacionados con neuroinflamación, células gliales, vías inflamatorias, biomarcadores e intervenciones terapéuticas. El corpus inicial proporcionado incluyó 25 referencias. Resultados: La microglía fue la principal diana celular identificada, con funciones potencialmente protectoras o perjudiciales según el estadio y contexto de la enfermedad. También se documentó la participación de astrocitos, vías como NF-κB, MAPK, JAK/STAT e inflamasomas, así como interacciones entre neuroinflamación, tau y APOE. Las estrategias terapéuticas comprenden modulación microglial, inhibición de mediadores inflamatorios, inmunoterapia y abordajes multimodales. Sin embargo, la evidencia clínica directa continúa siendo limitada por la heterogeneidad biológica, la ausencia de biomarcadores estandarizados, la intervención tardía y la limitada traducción de hallazgos preclínicos. Conclusiones: La neuroinflamación representa una diana terapéutica prometedora, aunque su modulación aislada probablemente sea insuficiente. Las futuras estrategias deberán ser selectivas, guiadas por biomarcadores, aplicadas en fases tempranas y posiblemente combinadas con tratamientos antiamiloide, antitau y neuroprotectores.
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Derechos de autor 2026 Gibran Reynoso Hernández , Fernando de la cruz Clemente , María Fernanda Padilla Huerta, Laura Michelle Ruiz Munguía , Esmeralda Stephania Ortega Solis , Sebastián Galván Menéndez Conde , Laura Fernanda Gómez Aguilar , Ixchel Lorena Guevara Galindo , Jimena Cervantes Contreras, Miguel Ángel Hernández Calderón
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
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