El Mecanismo Blockchain de Verificación Aplicado en Certificados Académicos y de Participación: Una Revisión Bibliográfica
Resumen
La verificación de la autenticidad de los certificados académicos y de participación constituye un problema persistente para la educación superior. Este trabajo presenta una revisión bibliográfica sistemática sobre la aplicación de la tecnología de cadena de bloques a dicha verificación, con el objetivo de establecer el grado de madurez alcanzado por las soluciones documentadas y derivar una propuesta aplicable a la Universidad Estatal Amazónica. A partir de 81 registros identificados se conformó, mediante un procedimiento de depuración en seis pasos y la verificación de cada referencia contra su fuente primaria, un corpus final de 39 trabajos publicados entre 2019 y 2026. Los resultados muestran un campo en expansión antes que en consolidación: de los 28 sistemas documentados, 26 no superan el estadio de prototipo y uno solo alcanza producción real verificada. El análisis identifica además un desajuste entre el modelo de amenaza de esta literatura, que presupone un emisor no confiable, y la configuración habitual del caso institucional, donde el emisor constituye la parte confiable y los riesgos se localizan en la alteración posterior del documento y en la fabricación de ejemplares nunca emitidos. De ello se deriva un modelo de adopción organizado en cuatro fases.
Descargas
Citas
Aamir, M., Qureshi, R., Khan, F. A., & Huzaifa, M. (2020). Blockchain based academic records verification in smart cities. Wireless Personal Communications, 113(3), 1397-1406.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07226-0
Abreu, A. W. S., Coutinho, E. F., & Bezerra, C. I. M. (2020). A blockchain-based architecture for query and registration of student degree certificates. En Proceedings of the 14th Brazilian Symposium on Software Components, Architectures, and Reuse (pp. 151-160). ACM.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3425269.3425285
Awaji, B., Solaiman, E., & Marshall, L. (2020). Blockchain-based trusted achievement record system design. En Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Information and Education Innovations (pp. 46-51). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3411681.3411689
Berrios Moya, J. A., Ayoade, J., & Uddin, M. A. (2025). A zero-knowledge proof-enabled blockchain-based academic record verification system. Sensors, 25(11), 3450.
https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113450
Caramihai, M., & Severin, I. (2023). A blockchain-based solution for diploma management in universities. Sustainability, 15(20), 15169. https://doi.org/10.3390/su152015169
Castro, R. Q., & Au-Yong-Oliveira, M. (2021). Blockchain and higher education diplomas. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(1), 154-167.
https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11010013
Cherrafi, A., Elfezazi, S., Chiarini, A., Mokhlis, A., & Benhida, K. (2016). The integration of lean manufacturing, Six Sigma and sustainability: A literature review and future research directions for developing a specific model. Journal of Cleaner Production, 139, 828-846.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.08.101
Dash, S. P., Jena, A. K., & Murala, D. K. (2025). A Hyperledger-based secure framework for academic certificate authentication using blockchain. International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering, 15(6), 1185-1195. https://doi.org/10.18280/ijsse.150610
Dewangan, N. K., Chandrakar, P., Kumari, S., & Rodrigues, J. J. P. C. (2022). Enhanced privacy-preserving in student certificate management in blockchain and interplanetary file system. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82(8), 12595-12614. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-022-13915-8
El-Dorry, A., Reda, M., Abd El Khalek, S., Mohamed, S. E.-D., Mohamed, R., & Nabil, A. (2020). Egyptian universities digital certificate verification model using blockchain. En Proceedings of the 2020 9th International Conference on Software and Information Engineering (pp. 79-83). ACM. https://doi.org/10.1145/3436829.3436864
Evangelista Andrade, A. J., & Amate, F. C. (2025). A decentralized academic certificate issuance system using smart contracts on the Tron network. International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology, 17(6), 53-61. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijcsit.2025.17604
Farabi, A., Khandaker, I., Ahsan, J., Shanto, I. K., Jahan, N., & Khan, M. J. (2025). ShikkhaChain: A blockchain-powered academic credential verification system for Bangladesh [Preprint]. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2508.05334
Fartitchou, M., Lamaakal, I., El Makkaoui, K., El Allali, Z., & Maleh, Y. (2025). BlockMEDC: Blockchain smart contracts system for securing Moroccan higher education digital certificates. IEEE Access, 13, 39152-39175. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3546177
Gómez Vieites, Á., Delgado-von-Eitzen, C., & Estévez García, D. (2025). GDPR-compliant academic certification via blockchain: Legal and technical validation of the GAVIN project. Applied Sciences, 15(16), 9191. https://doi.org/10.3390/app15169191
Gresch, J., Bastos Rodrigues, B., Scheid, E. J., Kanhere, S. S., & Stiller, B. (2019). The proposal of a blockchain-based architecture for transparent certificate handling. En Business Information Systems Workshops (Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing, pp. 185-196). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04849-5_16
Guerschberg, L., & Gutiérrez, Y. E. (2025). Blockchain en la educación superior latinoamericana: Estado actual, aplicaciones y desafíos ético-tecnológicos. Ciencia Latina Revista Científica Multidisciplinar, 9(5), 15962-15987. https://doi.org/10.37811/cl_rcm.v9i5.20933
Haque, M., Kumar, V. V., Singh, P., Goyal, A. A., Upreti, K., & Verma, A. (2023). A systematic meta-analysis of blockchain technology for educational sector and its advancements towards Education 4.0. Education and Information Technologies, 28(10), 13841-13867.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11744-2
Hsu, C.-S., Tu, S.-F., & Chiu, P.-C. (2022). Design of an e-diploma system based on consortium blockchain and facial recognition. Education and Information Technologies, 27(4), 5495-5519.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10840-5
Kamišalić, A., Turkanović, M., Mrdović, S., & Heričko, M. (2019). A preliminary review of blockchain-based solutions in higher education. En Learning Technology for Education Challenges (Communications in Computer and Information Science, pp. 114-124). Springer.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-20798-4_11
Kumutha, K., & Jayalakshmi, S. (2022). Blockchain technology and academic certificate authenticity: A review. En Expert Clouds and Applications (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, pp. 321-334). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2126-0_28
Le, M.-Q., Le, H.-D., Dinh-Duc, A. V., & Tran, T.-T. (2023). IU-TransCert: A blockchain-based system for academic credentials with auditability. En Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Information and Communication Technology (pp. 746-753). ACM.
https://doi.org/10.1145/3628797.3628822
Maestre, R. J., Bermejo Higuera, J., Gámez Gómez, N., Bermejo Higuera, J.-R., Sicilia Montalvo, J.-A., & Orcos Palma, L. (2022). The application of blockchain algorithms to the management of education certificates. Evolutionary Intelligence, 16(6), 1967-1984.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12065-022-00812-0
Manoj, R., Joshi, S., Dabholkar, U., Panicker, G. P., Kuriakose, K. P., Zaguia, A., & Khan, M. M. (2021). Blockchain ecosystem for credit transfer in education. Mathematical Problems in Engineering, 2021, 8526456. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/8526456
Molina, F., Betarte, G., & Luna, C. (2020). A blockchain based and GDPR-compliant design of a system for digital education certificates [Preprint]. arXiv. https://arxiv.org/abs/2010.12980
Morales-Morales, M., Rosero-Correa, L., & Morales-Cardoso, S. (2020). Registro de títulos académicos mediante una aplicación basada en Blockchain y Smart Contracts. Revista Cátedra, 3(2), 73-98. https://doi.org/10.29166/catedra.v3i2.2200
Nadeem, N., Hayat, M. F., Qureshi, M. A., Majid, M., Nadeem, M., & Janjua, J. (2023). Hybrid blockchain-based academic credential verification system (B-ACVS). Multimedia Tools and Applications, 82(28), 43991-44019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-023-14944-7
Organización de Estados Iberoamericanos. (2026). La tecnología blockchain en Iberoamérica: Del potencial tecnológico a los desafíos de su adopción (Papeles del Observatorio N.º 30). Observatorio Iberoamericano de la Ciencia, la Tecnología y la Sociedad. https://oei.int
Quinde Paucar, J. J., Beltrán Fuentes, F. P., Pico Barrera, F. M., & Benavides Villarreal, D. (2025). Blockchain para la certificación y trazabilidad de competencias en educación superior. Polo del Conocimiento, 10(11). https://doi.org/10.23857/pc.v10i11.10643
Rani, P., Sachan, R. K., & Kukreja, S. (2024). A systematic study on blockchain technology in education: Initiatives, products, applications, benefits, challenges and research direction. Computing, 106(2), 405-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00607-023-01228-z
RedCLARA. (2024). Proyecto Diploma: Emisión de certificaciones y diplomas académicos verificados a través de blockchain en América Latina y el Caribe. Cooperación Latino Americana de Redes Avanzadas. https://www.redclara.net
Reis-Marques, C., Figueiredo, R., & de Castro Neto, M. (2021). Applications of blockchain technology to higher education arena: A bibliometric analysis. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 11(4), 1406-1421. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe11040101
Rustemi, A., Dalipi, F., Atanasovski, V., & Risteski, A. (2023). A systematic literature review on blockchain-based systems for academic certificate verification. IEEE Access, 11, 64679-64696. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3289598
Rustemi, A., Dalipi, F., Atanasovski, V., & Risteski, A. (2024). DIAR: A blockchain-based system for generation and verification of academic diplomas. Discover Applied Sciences, 6, 297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-024-05984-1
Said, S. H., Sinde, R., Kosia, E. N. M., & Dida, M. (2025). A comprehensive blockchain-based system for educational qualifications management and verification to counter forgery. IEEE Access. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2025.3542545
Sai Ramya, N., Lasya, V., & Michael, A. A. (2026). Blockchain based academic certification verification system. En Proceedings of the International Conference on Intelligent Systems for a Sustainable Future (Atlantis Highlights in Intelligent Systems, pp. 944-955). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6239-693-7_91
Tepelidis, A., Mitsopoulou, E. E., Patenidis, A. T., Votis, K., & Tzovaras, D. (2023). A multi-blockchain system for verifiable academic credentials. En Open Science in Engineering (Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, pp. 917-926). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42467-0_86
Tepelidis, A., Mitsopoulou, E. E., Patenidis, A. T., Livitckaia, K., Votis, K., & Tzovaras, D. (2025). BlockAdemiC: A digital distributed verification system for educational activities in higher education. ACM Distributed Ledger Technologies: Research and Practice, 4(3), 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1145/3703463
Terzi, S., Stamelos, I., Votis, K., & Tsiatsos, T. (2022). A life-long learning education passport powered by blockchain technology and verifiable digital credentials: The BlockAdemiC project. En Software Engineering and Formal Methods. SEFM 2021 Collocated Workshops (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 249-263). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-12429-7_18
Turki, M., Kallel, S., & Jmaiel, M. (2025). EduCheck: Ensuring diploma authenticity using blockchain technology. En Service-Oriented Computing – ICSOC 2024 Workshops (Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 270-274). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-96-7423-7_31
Vidal, F. R., Gouveia, F., & Soares, C. (2020). Blockchain application in higher education diploma management and results analysis. Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems Journal, 5(6), 871-882. https://doi.org/10.25046/aj0506104
Derechos de autor 2026 Rodrigo Sthefano Benítez Miranda , David Sancho Aguilera
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento 4.0.
.png)
.png)
1.png)
